WOW Tier Set

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(Updates with comments from bank-group analyst starting in sixth paragraph.)

Nov. 4 (Bloomberg) &8212; DeutscLord Taesang Shoeshe Bank AG, BNP Paribas SA and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. are among banks that must hold additional capital buffers ranging from 1 to 2.5 percentage points under plans approved today by the Group of 20 nations.

A total of 29 lenders may have to meet the requirementsBluedots Guides, according to a provisional list published by the Financial Stability Board. The measures were agreed on by regulators to prevent any so-called systemically important financial institution from failing and roiling the global economy. The list doesn’t specify the exact surcharges banks may face.

Systemically important banks need higher capital requirements which will reflect the cost of their possible failure, Mario Draghi, the FSB’s chairman, told reporters in Cannes,ragnarok onl.Dark Delvings. France.

Bank watchdogs have clashed with some lenders including HSBC Holdings Plc, Citigroup Inc. and BNP over the plans, with the banks warning they could cause them to cut lending or support to international trade. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, which drafted the surcharge plans, in September rejected calls to scrap additional capital buffers, instead agreeing to changes to how it calculates them. The measures were published today after approval by Group of 20 leaders in France.

Nomura, Lloyds

Nomura Holdings Inc. and Spain’s Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA, which were both included in a list of 25 SIFIs published by Morgan Stanley analyst Huw van Steenis in June45; Part 1, escaped the FSB’s list. Lloyds Banking Group Plc, which Steenis didn’t expect to make the regulator’s list, did.

The list in general is not a big surprise,buy cheap rs gold if you look at who are the world’s top 30 banks, Irving Henry, a director at the British Bankers’ Association, said in an interview. It’s interesting that there is no Standard Chartered, although this may be because it’s not big in the U.K.

It’s also surprising that there is no Nomura, he said.

The surcharges will be applied on top of an overhaul of bank-capital requirements that international regulators agreed on last year. Those changes, known as Basel IIIReign: Sanctified Lasherweave Handgrips, will more than triple the core reserves that lenders must hold.

The additional buffers mean lenders may face core capital requirements of as much as 9.5 percent of assets, weighted on risk. At least four banks face the top surcharge of 2.5 percent, according to provisional data published today by the Basel Committee, which didn’t specify any individual lenders.

U.S. Banks

Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan are among eight U.S. banks on the list. David Wells, a spokesman for Goldman Sachs in New York, and Howard Opinsky, a JPMorgan spokesman, declined to comment. Jeanmarie McFadden, a spokeswoman for Morgan Stanley, which is included, also declined to comment.

Societe Generale SA and Credit Agricole Groupe are also among four French lenders included on the list. Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank AG are the two German lendersrunescape store , while four U.K. banks, including HSBC Holdings Plc and Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc face the surcharges.

Armin Niedermeier, a spokesman for Deutsche Bank, said the company’s inclusion on the list was expected. Reiner Rossmann, a spokesman for Frankfurt-based Commerzbank,aion kinah. declined to comment.

The list was dominated by European and U.S. banks, which was expected, Richard Reid, research director for the International Centre for Financial Regulation, said.

9 Percent

Some banks in the European Union already face requirements to hold 9 percent in core reserves, after sovereign-debt writedownsEuropean Summit: A Plan With No Details, under plans adopted by EU regulators in response to the Greek financial crisis. Banks will need to raise 106 billion euros ($145.9 billion) in fresh capital to meet the rules, the European Banking Authority estimated.

The definition of what banks can count as capital to meet the Basel surcharges is stricter than that used by the EU, which allows lenders to use some contingent convertible instruments to meet the 9 percent threshold. The extra requirements are calculated against banks’ interconnectedness, size, complexity,buying rs gold global reach, and the ability of other firms to take functions if they fail.

Four Asian banks, including the Bank of China and Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group Inc. in Japan, also face the additional capital requirements from the Basel Committee.

Dismembered

I am a bit surprised to see Bank of China, but maybe we are so Euro-American centric that we don’t recognize how big other banks areSite Admin, Henry said. I was also surprised to see Dexia because it’s being dismembered.

The extra capital requirements will be phased in from 2016 through 2018. They will have to be met with core Tier 1 capital, a definition of banks’ reserves which includes mainly ordinary shares and retained earnings. Banks that can’t meet the rules face restrictions on dividends and bonus payments.

The surcharge plans were approved by the G-20 in tandem with measures to ensure the orderly winding down of failed banks and to shield taxpayers.

‘Moral Hazard’

The measures are aimed at reducing moral hazard so we can deal with failures of large institutions without, hopefully, having market disruption and without havdefinition of tier 1 capitaling to use public money, Draghi said.

The plans also include requiring systemically important lenders to draw up so called living wills, showing how they could be wound down should they fail.

ING Groep NV’s inclusion one of the 29 banks was in line with expectations, said Carolien van der Giessen, a spokeswoman for the bank. Wells Fargo &038; Co., Citigroup, Unicredit Spa, and Santander, which were all also on the list, declined to comment. UBS AG and Credit Suisse Group AG representatives couldn’t immediately be reached for comment.

Lower Ratios

From the European perspectivecheap rs money , we also had BBVA, Intesa and possibly Standard Chartered on our list, said Andrew Stimpson, an analyst with Keefe Bruyette &038; Woods Inc. in London. The question is whether it really matters given that the national regulators are unlikely to allow banks to operate with lower capital ratios given that they are systemically important regionally and in Europe if not globally.

The list of surcharge banks will be updated each November, using fresh data. The banks that will initially face the extra requirements will be those contained in the version of the list published in November 2014.

Some of the omissions from the list reflect that the method for calculating the surcharges is too focused on size rather than interconnectedness, Henry said. The list should, or ought to, change as Euro-American banks evolve and big players rise from the emerging markets.

Banks in the future could face surcharges of up to 3.5 percentage points if they grow bigger or more systemically important, the FSB said.

Provisional FSB List of G-SIFIs

&8211;With assistance from Theophilos Argitis in Cannes, Aaron Kirchfeld in Frankfurt, Maud Van Gaal in Amsterdam, Donal Griffin and Dawn Kopecki in New York, Giles Broom in Geneva, Nicholas Comfort in Frankfurt, Sonia Sirletti in Milan. Editors: Anthony Aarons, Christopher Scinta, Edward Evans

To contact the reporters on this story: Jim Brunsden in Basel at jbrunsden@bloomberg.net;

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Anthony Aarons at aaarons@bloomberg.net.

CONSTRUCTION companies from across the East Midlands were urged to seize the opportunities currently available in their sector through the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and beyond, at an event held by Lloyds TSB and the East Midlands Development Agency.

Lloyds TSB arranged the Meet the Buyer event on Tuesday 15 November, held at Derby County Football Club in Derby, as part of series of similar regional events to highlight the construction opportunities available through the official London 2012 tendering websiteHeroic Sanctified Crimson Acolytes Copy, CompeteFor, and how to access them.

While most of the largerwow tier 9 s,buy cheap rs gold direct London 2012 contracts have already been allocated, CompeteFor still has opportunities for SMEs to tap into a wider pool of contracts further down the supply chain.

Representatives of these larger contract winners, including a Tier 1 construction and support services company, were present to explain what they look for in smaller firms competing for supply chain tenderstier 3 wow, how they work and what opportunities are available at the current time.

The event, which included speakers from the Olympic Delivery Authority, also highlighted the other construction opportunities available through CompeteForworld of warcraft gold , including contracts relating to the ongoing 17 billion Crossrail Project in London.

Chris Daniels, head of Wholesale London 2012 for Lloyds TSB, said: In addition to the more widely known London 2012 opportunities, the Metropolitan Police, Westminster City Council,Holiday Inns Hôtel M LEEDs the way.gold for rs Transport for London, and DEFRA (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) have also signed up to use CompeteFor to advertise their procurement needs beyond the Games.

This allows SMEs access to tendering opportunities they would not have had otherwise, and lays the ground for a continuing legacy beyond London 2012.

Were committed to providing support to our customers to help them take advantage of the construction contract opportunities available,Angels Sanctuary. and during the first nine months of 2011 we provided 32 billion of committed gross lending to UK businesses, of which 9.6 billion was to SMEs.

Steve Mulliganwow guild ap, Lloyds London 2012 business lead for the East Midlands Development Agencyrunescape cash , said: Construction firms across the East Midlands have played a crucial role in the building of many of the iconic buildings on the Olympic Park and have won over 300 million of business from London 2012 opportunities.

We are keen to build on this success and are delighted to work closely with Lloyds TSB to deliver this event, which aims to raise awareness of the thousands of construction contract opportunities continuing to be advertised through CompeteFor.

These opportunities relate not only to the redevelopment of the Olympic Park, but also to the Crossrail project, currently Europes largest civil engineering project, which has selected CompeteFor as its preferred procurement route for all contracts below EU thresholds.

This website and its associated newspaper adheres to the Press Complaints Commission’s Code of Practice. If you have a complaint about editorial content which relates to inaccuracy or intrusion, then contact the Editor by

WOW CEO Stanley Wright: Wireless TV provider will continue to screen local channels (Photo by Akil Simmons)

&8211;>Wireless digital TV provider WOW has moved to &038;147;distance itself&038;148; from a long-running dispute that could see Bermuda CableVision dump ZBM/CBS and ZFB/ABC from its line-up by the end of the year because it doesn&038;146;t want to pay Bermuda Broadcasting to include the channels.WOW said it planned to continue to carry ZBM, ZFB and VSB/NBC at no additional costBasics of Ao, and would not be moving the local channels up a tier to justify any access changes.President and CEO of WOW, Stanley Wright, rs gold cheap runescape money told The Royal Gazette yesterday his company had agreed to pay Bermuda Broadcasting for the channels.WOW weighed in as the Government and the Telecommunications Commission still have made no decision in Cablevision&038;146;s controversial bid to remove ZBM/CBS and ZFB/ABC from their line-up. If the channels were dropped, CableVision subscribers who wanted to watch channels 7 and 9 would have to do so by using an antenna.CableVision had said it expected to drop the channels the first of this month. It had expected the Commission to have submitted its report to the Minister earlier this month and a decision announced soon after on when it could drop the channels.CableVision has said it can drop the channels under the current legislationWeekend action keeps teams on ice,ragnarok mon. it is just a matter of when.A Department of Telecommunications spokesperson said yesterday: &038;147;The Telecommunications Commission is currently dealing with this matter. Once it has been completed, the public will be notified.&038;148;CableVision has stated that its customers should not have to pay for channels they can get for free through a TV antennae.Local channels have historically been included in CableVision&038;146;s service under &038;147;must carry&038;148; rules and it was not charged for including them. New legislation introduced three years ago allowed local broadcasters to choose between &038;147;must carry&038;148; and &038;147;retransmission consent&038;148;. If a local broadcaster elected &038;147;retransmission consent&038;148; CableVision could only carry the channels if it paid licence fees,tier 1 capit. a cost which CableVision would then pass on to customers.CableVision general manager Terry Roberson said in early August:: &038;147;Our primary concern is our customers. Why should our customers pay for a service that is provided free to non-cable customers who use an antenna? We believe that this amounts to a &038;145;cable broadcast tax&038;146;.&038;148;Bermuda Broadcasting has said it&038;146;s planning to switch over to digital before the end of 2011 in any eventworld of warcraft gold , making ZBM and ZFB available in digital for free without a cable subscription. CEO Rick Richardson has accused CableVision of an attempt to acquire popular ABC and CBS programming (which BBC has exclusive rights to) by another signal.The ongoing dispute this week prompted WOW to take out advertisements saying it wanted to distance itself from the controversy.&038;147;We have had customers question us as to what our plans are and we just wanted to get out there that we have nothing to do with this dispute,&038;148; said Stanley Wright, president and CEO of WOW.The WOW ads stated: &038;147;The fostering and support of local broadcasters along with providing the best of international content to the highest standard and at the best possible price and customer service is at the core of our mission.&038;148;When the ZBM/ZFB transmitters were knocked out by lightning nearly a year ago WOW stepped in to offer the channels free as a public service to those without WOW or CableVision subscriptions.But Mr Wright said yesterday the company was now chawow tier 2rging a small fee for the equipment rental to access its network and those channels; with Bermuda Broadcasting&038;146;s equipment appearing to still not be fully repaired. It appears only ZFB is available to people without cable subscriptions who use an antennae for local TV.Bermuda Broadcasting boss Rick Richardson declined to comment on when or even if the transmitters would be fixed.Mr Wright said WOW was preparing for imminent Telecoms sector regulatory reform and expected to be a significant player.&038;147;We want to grow moreEmpress Bles,runescape buy money we are a young company, but we are making progress,Magma Plated. &038;148; he said. &038;147;We are starting to expand our product offering.&038;148;WOW has begun offering on-demand pay-per-view services, he said.The company employs nine people, operating from offices in the Washington Mall Phase 2. Mr Wright said the company is revamping its website and recently changed its logo.&038;147;We think reform is a good thingbuy cheap wow gold ,&038;148; he said. &038;147;The only caution is we just hope in moving forward that the current economy and fact the size of the market is contracting has been taken into consideration&8230; If we are not careful how reform is implemented it could benefit those that are the larger players in the market.&038;148;Bermuda Broadcasting, meanwhile, is said by industry sources to be preparing to launch GoMedia, having made application to Telecoms to offer programming to cars, portable DVD players, computers and other devices. Mr Richardson declined to comment on that either.

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Tier 1 Lawbringer Armor

WOW CLASSIC

Paladin Tier 1 Lawbringer Armor (Set 8 pieces)

HEAD (Garr, Molten Core)

LEGS (Magmadar, Molten Core)

SHOULRS (Baron Geddon, Molten Core)

CHEST (Golemagg The Incinerator, Molten Core)

HANDS (Shazzrah, Molten Core)

BOOTS (Lucifrom, Molten Core)

BELT (Mobs in Molten Core)

WRIST (Mobs in Molten Core)

Tier 2 Judgement Armor

Paladin Tier 2 Judgement Armor (Set 8 pieces)

LEGS (Ragnaros, Molten Core)

BELT (Vaelastrasz The Corrupt,Blackwing Lair)

BOOTS (Broodlord Lashlayer,Blackwing Lair)

HANDS (Ebonroc/Firemaw/ Fgor. ,Blackwing Lair)

HEAD (Nefarian,Blackwing Lair)

CHEST (Nefarian,Blackwing Lair)

SHOULRS (Chromaggus,Blackwing Lair)

WRIST (Razorgore the Untamed,Blackwing Lair)

Tier 3 Redemption Arm

Paladin Tier 3 Redemption Armor (Set 9 pieces). , but the 7th Paladin Tier is similar.

Tier 4 Justicar Armor

Paladin Tier 4 Justicar Armor (Set 5 pieces)

HANDS (The Curator, Karazhan)

HEAD (Prince Malchezaar ,Karazhan)

LEGS (Gruul The Dragonkiller,buying runescape money Gruuls Lair )

SHOULDERS (High King Maulgar, Gruuls Lair)

CHEST (Magtheridon, Magtheridons Lair)

Paladin Tier 5 Crystalforge Armor (Set 5 pieces)

CHEST (Kaelthas Sunstrider, Tempest Keep: The Eye)

HANDS (Leotheras The Blind, Serpentshrine Cavern)

HEAD (Lady Vashj, Serpentshrine Cavern)

LEGS (Fathom-Lord Karathress, Serpentshrine Cavern)

SHOULDERS (Void Reaver, Tempest Keep: The Eye)

Tier 6 Lightbringer Armor

Paladin Tier 6 Lightbringer Armor (Set 8 pieces)

CHEST (Illidan Stormrange,Black Temple)

HANDS (Azgalor, Mount Hyjal)

HEAD (Archimonde, Mount Hyjal)

LEGS (The Illidari Councill,Black Temple)

SHOULDERS (Mother Shahraz,Black Temple)

WRIST (Kalecgos, Sunwell Plateau)

BELT (Brutallus, Sunwell Plateau )

BOOTS (Felmyst/Lady Sacrolash /Grand Warlock Alythess Sunwell Plateau)

Tier 7 Heroes&038;39; Redemption Battlegear

Paladin Tier 7 Heroes&038;8217; Redemption Battlegear (raid 10) in darks colors

HEAD (Kelthuzad, Naxxramas 10)

CHEST (The Four Horsemenlineage 2 Ar, Naxxramas 10)

LEGS (Thaddius, Naxxramas 10)

SHOULDERS (Loatheb, Naxxramas 10)

HANDS (Sartharionwowgold , Sagrario Obsidiana)

Paladin Tier 7 Heroes&038;8217; Redemption Battlegear (raid 25) the golden armor

HANDS (Sartharion, The Obsidian Sanctum 25)

HEAD (KelThuzad, Naxxramas 25)

LEGS (Thaddius / Gluth, Naxxramas 25; Archavon , Vaoult of Archavon 25)

CHEST (The Four Horsemen/ Gluth, Naxxramas 25; Archavon , Vaoult of Archavon 25)

SHOULDERS (Loatheb / Gluth, Naxxramas 25)

Tier 8 Valorous Aegis Battlegear

Paladin Tier 8 Valorous Aegis Battlegear (set 5 pieces) in light grey, Ulduar 10 men raid.

HEAD (Mimiron)

LEGS (Hodir)

CHEST (Yogg-Saron)

SHOULDERS (Thorim)

HANDS (Freya)

Paladin Tier 8 Conqueror&038;8217;s Aegis Battlegear (set 5 pieces), the red and lila color. Raid: Ulduar 25 men

HEAD (Thorim)

CHEST (Hodir)

HANDS (Mimiron)

LEGS (Freya)

SHOULDERS (Yogg-Saron)

Paladin Tier 9 (set 5 pieces). It had 3 tiers levels but theyre identics. The last Paladin Tier9 requiered to have Trophy of the Crusade but This item is no longer available within the game in Raid 25 HC Trial of the Crusader.

Tier 9 Alliance Conqueror&038;39;s Turalyon&038;39;s Battlegear

Paladin Tier 9 Conqueror&038;8217;s Turalyon&038;8217;s Battlegear

Paladin Tier 9 Horde Conqueror&038;39;s Turalyon&038;39;s Battlegear

Paladin Tier 9 Conqueror&038;8217;s Turalyon&038;8217;s Battlegear

Tier 10 Lightsworn Battlegear

This Paladin Tier 10 needs Conquerors Mark of Sanctification from Icecrown Citadel (ICC), you can have it killing: Profesor Putricide, Blood-Queen Lanathel, Sindragosa or The Lich King.

Paladin Tier 10 Lightsworn Battlegear lvl 251 (set 5 pieces) in green colorWeek 1 NFL Picks from SBR Forum, it needs Conquerors Mark of Sanctification from ICC 10 Normal.

Paladin Tier 10 Lightsworn Battlegear  lvl 264 (set 5 pieces) in red color, it needs the raid 10 items, 3:59 pm.Lasherweave. and Conquerors Mark of Sanctification from ICC 10 HC or ICC 25.

Paladin Tier 10 Lightsworn Battlegear  277 (set 5 pieces) in blue color. You need for this Paladin Tierthe Paladin Tier10 before and Conquerors Mark of Sanctification in ICC 25 HC.

Tier 11 Reinforced Sapphirium Battlearmor

Paladin Tier 11 Normal Reinforced Sapphirium Battlearmor (set 5 pieces) in blue. Points, raids 10 or 25 en normal.

SHOULDERS (ChoGall,href= target=_blank>rift platinum/a> The Bastion of Twilight)

LEGS (points, Argaloth Baradin Hold)

CHEST (points)

HEAD (Nefarian, Blackwing Descent)

HANDS (points, Argaloth in Baradin Hold)

Paladin Tier 11 Heroic Reinforced Sapphirium Battlearmor (set 5 pieces) in red color . Raids 10 or 25 Heroics. Requiere el item en normal para ser obtenidas.

SHOULDERS (ChoGall,Wrath of the Lich King Tier 8 armor.. The Bastion of Twilight HC)

CHEST (Halfus, The Bastion of Twilight HC)

LEGS (Maloriakgaia archang, Blackwing Descent HC)

HEAD (Nefarian, Blackwing Descent HC)

HANDS (Magmaw, Blackwing Descent HC)

Tier 12 Battleplate of Immolation

Paladin Tier 12 Normal Battleplate of Immolation (set 5 pieces) with yellow and brown details. You have it with points, raids 10 or 25 en normal.

SHOULDERS (Majordomo Staghelm, Firelands)

CHEST (points)

LEGS (points, Occuthar Baradin Hold)

HEAD (Ragnaros, Firelands)

HANDS (points, Occuthar Baradin Hold)

Paladin Tier 12 Battleplate of Immolation Heroic (set 5 pieces) in red color, raids 10 or 25 Heroicas. You need the normal item for have it

LEGS (Shannox, Firelands HC)

HEAD (Ragnaros, Firelands HC)

HANDS (Baleroc, Firelands HC)

CHEST (Alysrazor,Free Realms Quest. Firelands HC)

SHOULDERS (Majordomo Staghelm, Firelands HC)

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text-align: left; color:00afff>ByChris DeLine on inFeatured /Music Features

It was just about 10 months ago that I first metMac L. In a number of ways the cocksure MC served as my introduction to a side of Nashville that I didn&038;8217;t know much about when first moving here, and certainly a sector that isn&038;8217;t entirely visible unless you&038;8217;re actively looking for it: the rap and hip hop community. The night we met we talked at length about the issues facing young artists in Music City, discussing in detail the lack of cohesion between contemporaries and other factors cramping development such as scarcity of live venues in the city that are open to urban acts and general disinterest from the media. I was a bit taken back by the reality that Mac painted for me that night and here it is, 10 months later, and I still don&038;8217;t know what to make of this city. Sure, Nashville faces issues that strike every city, regardless of location, concerning the nurturing of local artists, but Nashville also has a few of its own problems that are more specific to its community that I&038;8217;m still trying to figure out.

The main purpose of this article is to document and celebrate something Mac&038;8217;s accomplished in the time since I first met him. To put it bluntly, I probably wouldn&038;8217;t be posting this if I hadn&038;8217;t told Mac many months ago that I&038;8217;d help sponsor his mixtape (I&038;8217;ve not really been blogging about much of anything lately). As time passed I about forgot my promise, but I figured why not Mac&038;8217;s my friend. This isn&038;8217;t to say that his new mixtape, Raw Material, doesn&038;8217;t deserve recognition however. It&038;8217;s an interesting album in that it identifies a young lyricist in transition, slowly growing into the realities of the modern political and economic landscape, slowly identifying his changing perception of the country, slowly finding his place. One of the things that Mac isn&038;8217;t slow to, however, is announcing his own importance as an artist, nor is he slow to suggest that his future will be anything less than successful. As irritating as his self-assured chest beating might be at times, which he does no more or less than any other MC who&038;8217;s trying to gain attention, I admire Mac&038;8217;s persistance he isn&038;8217;t about to let anyone tell him that he isn&038;8217;t as good as he thinks he is.

A free download of the entire album is available below, and for those interested in learning a bit more about Mac there&038;8217;s also a brief Q&038;038;A with him that touches on his future in the city, whether or not he&038;8217;s calling it quits after this release, and why he feels that there is no one else who makes music like me (there&038;8217;s also this interview with him from this past January). The bottom line is that Mac might not be every bit as phenomenal as he feels he is (yet?), but I&038;8217;m still comfortable standing behind Raw Material and putting my name on it because it just so happens to be that in addition to being my friend, he&038;8217;s also one of the select Nashvillian MCs whose work I actually enjoy. It&038;8217;s my hope, as I&038;8217;m sure it is Mac&038;8217;s, that you too enjoy what he&038;8217;s put together here. Cheers.

Mac L Raw Material [18 + 3 bonus tracks, 142MB zip download]

1.)Raw Material [01:57]

2.)Mac Is Back (produced by Dviousmindz) [02:08]

3.)Overdose (produced by Taebeast) [02:45]

4.)Dead Season (produced by Nujabes) [01:17]

5.)The Art of War (samples &038;8220;Shadowboxin&038;8217;&8221; by GZA) [02:16]

6.)Wildstyle (produced by DJ Premier) [02:52]

7.)Back in the Day (produced by True) [03:50]

8.)Coordinates (produced by M. Will the Shogun) [03:10]

9.)Sooner or Later (produced by Ion the Prize, samples &038;8220;Diggin Deeper&8221; by Average White Band) [03:57]

10.)Breathe (produced by Thelonious Martin) [02:48]

11.)40 Acres &038;038; a Deal (samples &038;8220;So Appalled&8221; by Kanye West) [01:59]

12.)Walkin&038;8217; Out (samples &038;8220;Walkinonit&8221; by J Dilla) [01:42]

13.)40 Blades (produced by Scram Jones) [02:41]

14.)Excursions 2011 (samples &038;8220;Excursions&8221; by A Tribe Called Quest) [02:14]

15.)Letter to the President (samples &038;8220;All Caps&8221; by Madlib) [03:42]

16.)You Don&038;8217;t Hear Me (produced by Pele) [04:23]

17.)Circulate (samples &038;8220;Circulate&8221; by Young Jeezy) [03:36]

18.)Curtain Call (produced by Jonathan Lowell) [02:56]

[For three additional bonus tracks, including collaborations with the likes of Lord Jamar, Vithym &038;038; Deshawn Supreme, head toBandcamp to download the entire album.]

On Raw Material

Chris DeLine: On one hand you speak to how proud you are of graduating college, but the flip side is your own sense of feeling disenfranchised by the system: how the degree helps your self-esteem yet burdens you because it has yet to give you an advantage in finding a job. Do you feel people can relate to you on this and how much do you struggle with this daily?

Mac L: The short answer is yes. I know people can relate to me, simply because I know people who are going through the same things I&038;8217;m going through buying runescape money , if not worse. I&038;8217;d be lying if I said it didn&038;8217;t hurt, but you gotta have faith. That&038;8217;s why I try not to let this get to me daily, because with despair comes opportunity. As of late I&038;8217;ve come to realize my destiny, and ultimately I need to stop letting the system stop me from my dreams. With that said, I&038;8217;m no longer looking for a job, but an expansion of my career.

Chris DeLine: We briefly talked about this before cocktails might&038;8217;ve been involved on either or both ends of the conversation but you&038;8217;ve hinted that this might be your swan song. Are you going to continue pursuing rapping as a genuine outlet following this release, and if so, what still drives you to push forward?

Mac L: (Laughs) Blame the alcohol. Rap always was and always will be my outlet. I enjoy music too much to quit, as an artist and a fan. With that said, I&038;8217;m already working on my next project as I wait to release this one. I have two younger siblings that look up to me. They mean everything to me. My brother plays my music all through the house and even has his basketball teams (yes, teams) playing my joints. There&038;8217;s too many people who enjoy my work,Metin2 assas. who depend on me, who expect great things from me, and that&038;8217;s because there&038;8217;s no one else who makes music like me, who can drop knowledge and entertainment at the same time. For me to give up, at this point, would be turning my back on everyone who has ever had a kind word for me.

Chris DeLine: &038;8220;&038;8230;and that&038;8217;s because there&038;8217;s no one else who makes music like me, who can drop knowledge and entertainment at the same time.&8221; This isn&038;8217;t meant to sound confrontational or critical, but do you really feel that way? Deep down inside, that you&038;8217;re in an elite tier among MCs?

Mac L: Shit, I know I&038;8217;m not the only one who can do it. I just feel like I&038;8217;m the only one that actually takes a stab at it. I&038;8217;d be lying if I said I didn&038;8217;t have my doubts, but who doesn&038;8217;t? As far as being in an elite tier, the record won&038;8217;t allow me to say that I am. I will say that I&038;8217;m on my way though. My plan and my ability will show and prove it for me.

Chris DeLine: How much did you invest in Raw Material when all&038;8217;s said and done, and how much might that aspect of the artistic process play into whether or not you continue to release music in the future?

Mac L: I invested a lot of time, energy, and money into Raw Material. The few people that heard The Great American Paper Chase will understand that my main focus is progression. My next tape will be a further example. The only thing that would stop me from continuing to release music would be if I lost my artistic freedom.

Chris DeLine: Raw Material touches on everything from grievances with the President to celebrating nostalgia, but what was left on the cutting room floor? Do you have any half-finished ideas that you simply had to let go?

Mac L: There were TONS of songs vanguard Vul,PressBox. some finished, some unfinished. If you notice the tracklisting, there were basically no features on the mixtape. That&038;8217;s not the way I originally intended. If Raw Material went the way I originally wanted it to be, there&038;8217;d be a movie to go with it. I had more feelings to unload, more ideas, more stories, but it was too much. I had to understand that I&038;8217;m not in a position where I can just do whatever I want and expect people to gravitate toward it. Some songs will be on future projects. Other songs may ultimately be scrapped. A lot of songs were put on The Prelude, which is up for free download now. For the record, despite my frustrations with our President, I&038;8217;m standing by him.

The rest of this doesn&038;8217;t have so much to do with Mac as it does about four years of other issues. Obviously it&038;8217;s a bit lengthy, it&038;8217;s probably a bit boring, and I know that it&038;8217;s likely a little too personal, but it&038;8217;s ultimately really important to me.

I moved to Nashville last summer on a whim, really only because one of my best friends lives here and it seemed like a not-so-terrible idea. And here I am 17 months later, still waking up each morning in some strange city that has somehow become a part of me. I can&038;8217;t explain what exactly it is about Nashville that makes it unique, nor can I narrow down what it is about the city that I really enjoy, but perhaps part of my appreciation reflects the circumstances that have arisen during my time here that have allowed me to swap out certain labels that help define who I am. For the past three years I&038;8217;ve been able to miraculously survive as a &038;8220;professional&8221; music blogger which, as far as job titles go,world of warcraft money doesn&038;8217;t really have an authoritative ring to it, does it? but in recent months, largely because of dumb luck, I&038;8217;ve been able to slowly move on from that stage of my life. I can now just be a fan of music again, which has been kind of nice because I&038;8217;ve become very conflicted about this whole blogging-about-music thing. The daily obsessing, processing and digesting of an endless supply of music is tricky, and for whatever reason, six and a half years of it has left me a bit tired of actually listening to new music. The irony of this coming to a head while living in Music City isn&038;8217;t lost on me.

While reflecting on the past few years though it&038;8217;s become quite apparent to me that this growing distaste for the process is largely of my own doing, and mostly because of my own inability to be honest with myself. For the most part, having to push out blog posts to get the page views to get the pay checks means promoting music that&038;8217;s not necessarily good, but really only good enough to blog about. This issue becomes amplified for local blogs that seek to promote local talent, something that I&038;8217;ve aimlessly tried to do for a number of years and something that, quite frankly, I&038;8217;ve really made a mess of. Again, mostly because of that dishonesty with myself.

Early in 2007 I met a bunch of really fun and interesting people who were working together under the banner of a review website calledHow Was The Show in the Twin Cities. I wrote a few forgettable concert recaps for the site but the introduction helped open my eyes to something I hadn&038;8217;t even really considered before: focusing on local bands. This process of digging into the scene was rewarding in that it led me to discover some cool music that I didn&038;8217;t know existed, and the consideration of local artists ultimately spread to this blog where I started to document local goings-on. In the following years some friends joined in and this Twin Cities focus on the blogmomentum. Around this time the opportunity became available to contribute to the local alt-weekly,City Pages, where for a little under a year I put together locally-focused news posts online (nearly) every weekday, while also adding various show previews and features along the way to the print edition. By the end of 2009 though I was really struggling with some things in my personal life and I made some poor decisions which led not only to putting this blog on the shelf, but the unfortunate crumbling of a few good friendships. If I could do that all again, I&038;8217;d handle things much differently.

A couple months later, I found myself unable to land work up in Canada, where I&038;8217;d moved, and out of necessity to get some sort of income going again I started blogging again. I should have just done my own thing, but to some degree I had sold myself on the idea that there was some inherent value in building that local presence and promoting local artists. Unsuccessfully grasping for some sense of relevancy I tried to put together some locally-based news posts (something I later failed to do consistently here in Nashville, as well) and I even went as far as putting together a local band directory. Before long however I was back in the States and I lazily tried to again turn the focus locally. I really didn&038;8217;t have any direction with what I was doing until some time in December though, when a phone call influenced how I approached the next few months of blogging.

Chatting with a friend online I was asked if I&038;8217;d met John Gotty, who runsThe Smoking Section, yet. Honestly, I hadn&038;8217;t frequented the site in ages and had no idea he even lived in Nashville. A few days later I got in touch and we eventually connected on the phone. Unable to really figure anything out on my own, I was curious to ask him about what was going on in terms of rap and hip hop in the city and by chance it just so happened that he was preparing an idea that would start showcasing the very community I was trying to learn more about. He was still in the planning stages of bringing Yelawolf to town in a move that he was hoping to replicate: attracting audiences to come out to shows by alluring them with a big name and offering local MCs the chance to be seen by new faces by adding them to the bill. The Yelawolf show at Phat Kaps worked (big time) and the procedure has continued to do so, bringing a bit of visibility to local names who might not otherwise have the opportunity to perform in front of large audiences. But what it also did was spark a bit of a push to encourage local MCs in general.

This past May Sean Maloney wrote an article in the Nashville Scene that covered this rebirth, of sorts, titled &038;8220;How guys like Openmic, Dee Goodz and more are leading the Nashville hip-hop charge, and creating a scene all their own.&8221; In the article Sean discussed a few of the MCs he felt were driving this new breed, while also touching on a few additional factors which were helping to drive the shift including an increase in media coverage, including a push from such blogs asBreak on a Cloud,2Ls on a Cloud (I still crack up at the unintentional similarity in their names), and this blog. Why go through explaining all this? To emphasize that while I&038;8217;m still relatively new to Nashville, and still have no idea how deep or shallow the pool of talent in the city might be, I&038;8217;m not new to the idea of supporting local artists, pushing for them in local online and print publications, and hyping local shows. What I am new to, however, is an idea that leaves me feeling that depending on how it&038;8217;s done, it might not have the value that it appears to. But supporting the community is the right thing to do, right? Buy local, support local artists, etc. WellEditorial: The price of water The Ceremoni, there&038;8217;s a little more to it than that.

Part of the reason that I personally grew tired of focusing on Twin Cities&038;8217; acts was that when it comes right down to it, a lot of them just really weren&038;8217;t that good. Or maybe they were good, but they just weren&038;8217;t my thing. Numerous times I was responsible for blog posts on City Pages&038;8217; website or show previews in the paper that promoted artists in the name of community who I genuinely didn&038;8217;t care about. Instead of being honest with myself however I went with the flow: To some degree it&038;8217;s part of the job, but had I realized then what I believe I do now I would have given up on the local-focus long before I landed in Nashville, and long before I got involved in promoting local artists here. I would have never blogged about plenty of the acts that hit the front page had it not been for the fact that they were based in the community which I lived. This doesn&038;8217;t reflect well on me, and I realize this,WoW Patch 4.3: Tier 13 Set Bonuses. and that&038;8217;s fine, but it&038;8217;s important to consider because dating all the way back to 2007 when I started to spend more time looking at the city around me, no matter where I&038;8217;ve lived, I&038;8217;ve hardly been the only person selling local mediocrity as something truly worthwhile. Sadly I think that this is a symptom of locally-aimed outlets wherever you go, and I might take some heat for saying this but Nashville is no exception.

What might be most interesting thing about Sean&038;8217;s May-article came not in the cheerleading but in a comment which followed from &038;8220;Yep&8221; that read, &038;8220;We&038;8217;ve seen iterations of this same story since the early &038;8217;90s. Between Count Bass D, Iayaalis, Haystack, Utopia State and others, Nashville hip-hop still has not taken off. This city is still in retrograde mode when it comes to supporting music that does not have a country spin or a light &038;038; bright face attached to it.&8221; Perhaps by coincidence, perhaps by purpose, it was around the time that a friend of mine gave me an article which ran in the Nashville Scene in September of 2005 titled &038;8220;Cashville Underground: Nashville&038;8217;s hip-hop scene is poised to blow up.&8221; The timing was remarkable.

Written by now-Managing Editor Jack Silverman, the article detailed the rap community in Nashville and defined the landscape as being &038;8220;a scene that, given the right set of circumstances, could boil over at any minute.&8221; Citing MCs such as Cadence &038;038; Jelly Roll, the article reflects a similar feeling of optimism that Sean&038;8217;s did when he called Nashville &038;8220;a scene on the move.&8221; Jack&038;8217;s article did well to not get entirely ahead of itself by explaining some of the difficulties facing local artists though, and while Sean&038;8217;s didn&038;8217;t detail them, many of the problems still exist: the city&038;8217;s MCs tend to stand on their own rather than work together, there is a scarcity of local venues that consistently welcome MCs, and the list goes on. All of these issues might be changing, and some are even beginning to turn around completely, but there remains this curious tendency tohyperbolize the local rap scene here in the city. To some degree I think it has to do with the anger tied to Nashville&038;8217;s image being so very tightly pinned to the development and support of country music (nearly exclusively),November 2011. but part of it also has to do with that broader issue of supporting local for local&038;8217;s sake. I want to make something clear here, buy gold world of warcraft I&038;8217;m as guilty of this as the next person (perhaps guiltier than the next, even) and I&038;8217;m not trying to point fingers or make a mockery out of anyoneworld of warcraft gold buying , be it artist or media member. What I&038;8217;m trying to do is suggest that there&038;8217;s an alternative way of doing business that might be more valuable to everyone involved. Sean and I haven&038;8217;t always seeneye to eye, but he&038;8217;s a good guy and is leading the pack right now in terms of giving exposure to a largely overlooked faction of artist. And to be fair, I think he&038;8217;s trying to confront this very same issue as he continues to push things in a positive direction.

In addition to various features which date back to long before I even moved to the city, Sean&038;8217;s recently been compiling submissions from local MCs for weekly Party &038;038; Bullshit blog posts. We chatted about them a little bit online earlier this week and he addressed this need for better curation, &038;8220;At the beginning P&038;038;B was mostly me with my fingers crossed hoping that I&038;8217;d have a enough material to even write a blog post. Now it&038;8217;s a question of whether or not I have time to listen to everything that comes my way and then wrestling with what I want to put in there. That there&038;8217;s enough hip hop in Nashville these days to be really selective about what I cover.&8221; I&038;8217;m really glad he brought this up because what Sean&038;8217;s saying here about the process of increased selectivity is as important to the ongoing development of any &038;8220;scene&8221; as it is for the growth of individual artists.

In a recentHuffington Post article, filmmaker Kevin Smith spoke to how unnecessary it is to degrade the work of creative-types, as on the flip side,atlantica Mu. &038;8220;It costs nothing to encourage an artist, and the potential return is immeasurable. A song will cheer your mood. A movie will let you escape. A podcast will make you laugh. Nice dividends to a simple investment.&8221; He continued, &038;8220;Art can&038;8217;t save the world, but it can make the world a lot easier to take. You tell a budding artist something good about their work, or share with them the things you&038;8217;ve learned, or show them how to advocate for their art themselves? It costs you nothing but time. The potential upside? Maybe one day, they make your favorite movie. Or write the book you&038;8217;ve read twenty times. Or record the most-played song on your iPod. Or rock the longest-running podcast in history. All because you said something kind.&8221; He makes a great point, and I&038;8217;m not here to argue that, but when these avenues of positive feedback are so widely open for access, and so readily lending encouragement it begins to water down the entire process of defining what&038;8217;s actually good. C.S. Lewis has a funny quote that sort of applies here: &038;8220;Dont use words too big for the subject. Dont say &038;8216;infinitely&038;8217; when you mean &038;8216;very&038;8217;; otherwise youll have no word left when you want to talk about something really infinite.&8221; There&038;8217;s probably no real use in telling an artist that their work is laughably terrible. But it might be more detrimental in the long-run to lead on like what they&038;8217;re doing is great when in reality it&038;8217;s only marginally better than being entirely forgettable. It&038;8217;s a difficult line to walk, finding a balance between insult and embellishment, and unfortunately we&038;8217;re usually left leaning closer to the latter.

My opinion, over time, has became fairly worthless in this online forum largely because it&038;8217;s been so heavily tied to nonchalant blog posts about artists who I really didn&038;8217;t care about (this isn&038;8217;t specific to local artists though, more on that to come in a later blog post). Without setting a higher standard for who we place on a pedestal and offer our support to, we&038;8217;ll be left with preaching about how an act like Mobb Mafia could be the key to the success of an entire city&038;8217;s musical development (as MC Kool Daddy Fresh did in Jack&038;8217;s article). But even if we do place our collective weight and support behind a talent that we feel is legitimate, I&038;8217;d still argue against putting the weight of such our-scene-is-on-the-cusp-of-breaking-out articles on their shoulders. You don&038;8217;t really have to look any further than Jack&038;8217;s article to see what I mean, particularly focusing an MC that he pumped up pretty hard in his piece when he explained that &038;8220;It&038;8217;s almost unanimous among local rap insiders that All Star is the next big thing to break out of Cashville.&8221;

Now performing under the name ofStarlito, the MC might have had the potential to be that break-out star that a scene needs, but damned if he didn&038;8217;t face some major hurdles along the way. Hitting big with the 2005 Yo Gotti &038;038; Young Jeezy collaboration &038;8220;Grey Goose,&8221; All $tar struck a deal with Cash Money, but even so, by February of 2008,when the New York Times&038;8217; Kelefah Senneh wrote a feature about him, he was still struggling to rise to the next level. &038;8220;He calls himself All $tar, and he has what most rappers dream of: a devoted fan base,Shadowblade. a strong regional reputation and a big-time record deal. His major-label debut, &038;8216;Street Ball&038;8217; (Cash Money/Universal), is one of the years most eagerly anticipated Southern hip-hop albums. But all that was equally true last year. And in 2006. And in 2005 too. All $tar, who just turned 23, has been Nashvilles next big hip-hop thing for so long that the title has stopped seeming like a compliment.&8221; Starlito&038;8217;s local shine hasn&038;8217;t really faded away in the years that followed this past December he released the full-length albumStarlito&038;8217;s Way 3: Life Insurance, and he dropped theUltimate Warrior mixtape earlier this month but that next level never really materialized for the still-young MC. This isn&038;8217;t to say that he&038;8217;s not talented, that he didn&038;8217;t hustle, or that a breakout down the road might not still happen, but simply that it&038;8217;s just ridiculously hard to actually break out and taste mainstream success, let alone carry an entire city&038;8217;s roster of MCs into the public eye with you. Perhaps nothing would have changed if such a burden of potential success wasn&038;8217;t placed on his shoulders at such an early age, but it still makes me cringe a little to see the same thing happen in 2011 to a talented guy likeOpenmic who&038;8217;s barely legal, himself. Artists need time to develop, and if they&038;8217;re being illegitimately touted (again, as I&038;8217;ve been guilty of countless times) there&038;8217;s a chance that they begin to buy their own hype regardless of whether or not they actually have the talent to back it up. The really depressing thing is that this empty hyping isn&038;8217;t even the worst thing that I&038;8217;m guilty of in terms of pushing the whole local angle on the blog. The fact is that I was being dishonest without even really realizing it: I&038;8217;d been going about things the wrong way for so long that I didn&038;8217;t even realize that I was trying to make it more about me, and my &038;8220;personal brand&8221; or whatever, than about the music.

It&038;8217;s disheartening to go back through the mental scrapbook and realize all the times that my intentions were put out there for personal gain while I was spouting off about building community. Certainly I believed in its importance, and I still do, but I guess I wasn&038;8217;t ever really honest with myself about how much of what I was doing was a personal grab at some sort of notoriety. Sad as it might be, this blog has been one of the only things that ever really made me feel important in my adult life, which might be why I&038;8217;ve always returned to it, but that realization hardly cleanses the bitter taste that all of this has left in my mouth.

The reason I&038;8217;m bringing this up is because I feel that it&038;8217;s the another one of the key issues that can get in the way of any local music scene developing: The music has to speak for itself and validate its own importance, not the importance of those who document it. There&038;8217;s a documentary that I&038;8217;d recommend people checking out calledPressPausePlay that focuses on the democratization of art in the digital era. In it Pitchfork&038;8217;s Amy Phillips touches on the idea that just because you can make music does not mean that you&038;8217;re entitled to a fan base. The exact same thing is true of bloggers: just because we can figure out how to install WordPress and embed some YouTube clips doesn&038;8217;t mean that we deserve to be seen. And just as they do with musiciansR6] Lv121 Soul Breeder /w R6 Angel &038; R5 Naga, audiences have to assume motivation with bloggers. It just so happens to turn out that after all this time I had become largely misguided about what mine was. I feel like I&038;8217;ve been deceptive and I really regret that.

Last week I asked Gotty, who continues to be nothing but a rock in this city, for some feedback about what he&038;8217;s seen happen this year and he explained another problem facing Nashville artists, which could potentially be the most crippling. &038;8220;The biggest challenge the city faces is much like any relationship: sustaining and finding a way to stay in love. Keeping the rap romance going requires continuing to spread the word and bring friends to shows, taking a gamble on shows where maybe you don&038;8217;t know all of the artists on the bill but you know the show&038;8217;s host and their ability to put together great bills or going out to a Wednesday night show because there will be newfound friends there, etc.&8221; One doesn&038;8217;t need to look any further than Jack&038;8217;s article to see how short the lifespan of a regional talent can be, and I don&038;8217;t know that many of the MCs and producers making music in the city right now will fare any better. But what seems apparent is that there continues to be a shift in the local culture. Sean added, &038;8220;It used to be that I would know every show that was happening and every person that was going to be there and, well, that&038;8217;s just not the case anymore. There are more club nights and shows and artists than I can even keep track of AND there&038;8217;s an audience that keeps showing up for all of &038;8216;em, which is just mind blowing. I think Nashville hip hop has finally found itself.&8221;

As far as whether or not there&038;8217;s a legitimate chance that Nashville develops into a nationally-regarded scene for anything but country music is far beyond me. It&038;8217;s still a strange city and I still have no idea about how it works. TakeNashville&038;8217;s Dead for example: since I moved here it&038;8217;s been one of the most influential blogs that I know of in terms of pumping local talent. The people who write the blog posts might be friends of the people they write about, or in the bands themselves, but it&038;8217;s still a damn fine outlet to discover what&038;8217;s going on in the city. Yet despite its consistency, or the work of my aforementioned Cloud friends, theNashville Scene recently named itself the &038;8220;Best Music Blog&8221; for the second straight year, comically adding as its runners-up both a &038;8220;music discovery platform&8221; that recently (un-ironically, mind you) posted aColdplay tribute, and a blog aimed at the sharing of &038;8220;experiences in marketing music and managing artists&8221; which most recently awarded Switchfoot as its &038;8220;October Pick Of The Month.&8221; (Yes it was a reader&038;8217;s poll and yes Sean made room fora well-deserved special mention of Break on a Cloud, but that breakdown still concerns me.) Had I been paying better attention these past few months I&038;8217;d probably be able to list a few more instances of goofy industry goings-on, but as such I haven&038;8217;t.

Even if music-heads are able to avoid puffing up local talent that isn&038;8217;t all that talented, even if those documenting the community don&038;8217;t mistake their own importance for that of the subject their covering (essentially if you can do what I haven&038;8217;t done), and even if MCs are allowed to develop slowly, with artists taking time to find their voices and grow into their music, this is still a tough industry city (maybe The Industry City),wowgold and from where I&038;8217;m at the process of swimming upstream against the current here appears damn near impossible. Add to it that Nashville, by population aloneDragon Tendo, is a relatively small market, and thus has a smaller pool of talent to rely on. Interestingly enough though, I might be in the distinct minority here.

Sean closed our discussion by summing up his take on the future, &038;8220;I&038;8217;m thinking there are going to be a lot more high quality records from innovative artists. I also think that folks outside the city are going to start noticing what&038;8217;s going on here.&8221; He continued, &038;8220;Basically, I&038;8217;m thinking 2012 is going to make 2011 look like a quiet and unproductive year, which it definitely has not been&038;8230;&8221; Gotty reflected a similar feeling of optimism, &038;8220;There&038;8217;s no reason Nashville, as &038;8216;Music City,&038;8217; should be continuously overlooked as a hub, either for tour stops and the music being created here. For years, the rap scene here has been overlooked and un-nurtured. Now, everybody&038;8217;s working, taking shifts and adding their skills to the mix in order to make sure the garden&038;8217;s growing.&8221;

The whole purpose of this, other than it being helpful for me to figure myself out a little, is to say that I really didn&038;8217;t go about things as I should have in Minneapolis, I was completely misguided in my lazy attempt to focus locally in Calgary, and to go on doing so in Nashville would be a disservice to not only those who are doing it with genuine intentions, but also the few artists who do deserve better. I take issue with the idea of a &038;8220;scene&8221; even needing to be built, when a strong community (there I go again&038;8230;) is really what&038;8217;s most important. If all that happens in the coming years is that MCs begin to really work together and fans continue to pack shows, the city will be immeasurably better for it. When it comes down to it I do want to see people succeed (even those who I don&038;8217;t feel are all that good at what they do), but I don&038;8217;t want to see this become another scenario where some blogger is pointing the finger six years from now saying WE did things all wrong, questioning why there still isn&038;8217;t any rap or hip hop scene in Nashville. Sorry if I&038;8217;ve already let you down in working against that happening.

i read this blog, all of it &8211; while listening to Mac L&038;8217;s &038;8220;Raw Material.&8221; (i enjoyed Raw Material a lot, for reasons not relevant to this comment.) i agree with lots of CB&038;8217;s observations and feelings. i respect any and all attempts at honesty &8211; with others and with oneself. but it&038;8217;s not as easy as we might hope! and music we really like one day might not measure up the next time we hear it or when we hear it compared to the same artist, later in his/her career. likewise, writers and/or journalists. so please don&038;8217;t beat yourself up for &038;8220;selling out.&8221; i agree, however, that you don&038;8217;t have to love every artist on the bill in order to promote a show &8211; in totally good faith! EVERYone deserves a chance to show what (s)he can do! PLEASE &8211; keep listening to music, keep caring about artists Ox Pouldron, keep writing about both!

Hi Chris. At this point I&038;8217;ve read all the articles you have on your site regarding music blogging and local scenes. Although you seem to correctly outline a common situation in local scenes, both on and off the internet, this article and your other articles seem to neglect pin-point answers/solutions for &038;8220;quality&8221; artists to promote themselves in an effective way&8211;again, either on or off the internet.

I live in Eugene, Oregon where I feel much of what you described, the promotion of local artists for the sake of being local and supporting local art, occurs. This kind of promotion, for the most part, discourages public interaction with many of the artists that deserve attention. So my question for you is: How would you suggest an artist approach using the internet to promote their work in either a very big or small way. How does a &038;8220;quality&8221; artist get the attention they deserve off the internet?&038;8230;. Maybe a strange and well documented publicity stunt?

Good insights!

Julian

Right away, thank you very much for spending your time here on this blog and reading what I had to say. I really appreciate that!

As far as the question goes&038;8230; I&038;8217;m not sure that I have a good answer for you. So much of success can be circumstance, and that really has nothing to do with whether or not you&038;8217;re actually a &038;8220;quality&8221; artist (when you say quality I read good).

I&038;8217;d like to believe that musicians who are making music that&038;8217;s actually worth attention will get it with a bit of time, a lot of work and a few lucky moments along the way. That said, I know this isn&038;8217;t usually the case. What I wouldn&038;8217;t do runescape store , if I were in your shoes though, is look to something to momentarily boost your profile, like the publicity stunt you mentioned. That,Cetus Ox Arm. to me, speaks more to desperation (desperate times DO call for desperate measures though, right?) than it does to something an Artist would do. Or at least an artist seeking a longterm fan-base rather than short-term notoriety.

Wish I had the answer, but I know I don&038;8217;t, and I&038;8217;m not even sure there is one. Just work to prepare yourself so that in the event that an opportunity arises, you&038;8217;ll be ready for it. Have your social presence tight (can I find you online? can I stream your music somewhere? do you have a twitter/facebook account? is it easy to contact you? can I find out where you&038;8217;re playing? can I buy your music? can I download it?&038;8230; etc.). Know your city and work the local club grind as much as you can. When that&038;8217;s on lock, look toward touring nationally. Along the way, don&038;8217;t get caught up in the music exclusively, and try to leave a trace of yourself wherever you can go. (DIY merch is a great way to do this on a budget, and can be inventive depending on the audience you&038;8217;re trying to develop &8212; vid, below.)

The hope would be that if you are &038;8220;quality&8221; AND you&038;8217;ve consistently hustled to find new ears for your work AND you&038;8217;ve seemingly taken your music as far as it can go AND you still can&038;8217;t get the attention that you feel it deserves (on or off the Internet)&038;8230; well, maybe it&038;8217;s just not as good as you&038;8217;re thinking it is. Maybe it has reached the level of music it deserves.

If more &038;8220;artists&8221; were comfortable with this thought, and were cool with a modest level of recognition, I&038;8217;m not sure that your question would even be an issue. But as such, everyone who has an idea and a guitar, laptop, or mic is out there vying for the very same time and attention that you&038;8217;re aiming for. Wish I had a better answer than that.

Thanks again for reading and commenting Julian. Best of luck as you continue on with things.

Chris, thanks for the speedy response!

What would you say about Die Antwoord as a case study? They don&038;8217;t seem to fit the model/image of most artists, at least the artists you described above, and they gained quite a bit of fame a year or two back. I can remember the reason I, and most other people, first heard of them was that I saw their music video, &038;8220;samurai&8221;.

So, in other words&038;8230; what do you think about alternative methods for artists to become in vogue?&8211;such as the method Die Antwoord used.

-Julian

Die Antwoord as a case study? Well&038;8230;

It&038;8217;s hard to look at their breakout and apply it to this conversation. A trio of South African rednecks, who each have a bit of a sideshow appeal: Ninja (a skin and bones 15 year veteran of the SA hip hop scene), Yo-Landi (seemingly an albino fairy) &038;038; DJ Hi-Tek (who had a rare genetic disease which rapidly accelerated his aging process&038;8230; and passed earlier this year).

They caught Internet buzz (that video you mentioned) and parlayed that into a record deal. Then they were able to capitalize on the label&038;8217;s insurgence of cash to make a play for a bit of mainstream attention (late night TV spots, a wide-scale tour, major media coverage, etc).

If vogue is the goal &8211; sure, I mean, they might have captured it on some levels (briefly?). But now, after leaving Interscope, I can&038;8217;t imagine they&038;8217;ll continue on with the same rate of success. To some degree, I think they need someone to sell what they&038;8217;re creating &8212; and if they&038;8217;re not considered vogue, their music seems like a terribly hard-sell.

To answer your question though: I don&038;8217;t have much of an opinion one way or another concerning the methods used to become &038;8220;vogue&8221; &8211; they are what they are. It&038;8217;s what happens after that time passes that becomes the interesting part of the equation to me. So you had your corporation-backed moment in the sun? Alright. Now what?

Raw material is really great job.

If I understand right you stopped you job. Where you get moneytier 9 set bonuses forums for new albums?) Or this album gave you enough for new?

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Summary: Here are some HD screenshots of WoW Tier 10 originally posted on MMO-champion. Comparing with the HD Preview of Tier 10 before,buy gold world of warcraft these photos added all races including both genders. Enjoy!

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10-25-2011

Every week, WoW Insider brings youShifting Perspectives forcatwow tier 7 p,bear ,restoration andbalance druids. Welcome to our feral cat edition, brought to you by Chase Hasbrouck, aka Alaron ofThe Fluid Druid blog. Let the face clawing begin! Gear, gear, everybody wants gear! Happily, we get our first piece of visible progression gear in, well, forever. A flaming kitty is a raiding kitty &8230; awesome.

This update to my gear list focuses on items from new 4.2 content and bottoms out with ZA gear. If youre just starting out, the list compiled a few months ago is still quite good.

A few notes before we get to the items:

One of my most common questions is Which secondary stat is best? WellTraduccin] Articulo de Crafting, the small Rip nerf, plus the eventual loss of the two-piece T11 bonus once you upgrade into tier 12, knocks mastery down a peg. The buff to Savage Roar boosts haste up a peg. Unfortunately, this means our secondary stats are pretty much even. Ive tested this extensively,rs gold and at the 359 to 378 gear levels, reforging to different stats affects simulated DPS by less than 1%. Personally,tier 10 mmo. Id recommend sticking with mastery until you break two-piece T11, then try a hit/expertise cap setup; see how it works for you. As always, any fight with little to no off-boss time will favor haste, while fights with large interruptions in DPS time will favor mastery.

ThankfullyDeath Ward, the leveling out of secondary stats makes rough gear comparisons quite easy. You can generally consider 1 agility to be worth about three points of secondary stats. Looking at PVP gear, then, Id say a PVP piece is roughly equal to a PVE piece thats 1.5 tiers lower (about 20 points in ilevel). An ilvl 371 Vicious item, for example, will work about as well as a 353 item from ZA. This is not considering the PVP set bonuses; add half a tier to each PVP item in terms of estimation if you have the two-piece set bonus, or a full tier for two-piece and four-piece.

Finally, if youre planning which item to use as an offset going into T12, Id recommend the hands or legs, due to superior socket coloration. Definitely try to stick with two-piece T11 as long as you can, though; the two-piece T11/two-piece T12 combination is very strong and only a tiny bit behind full four-piece T12 in terms of DPS.

Let the hunters get the Ranseur, and you get Fandrals. K? K. The Witch-Hunters Harvester is one of the new unlockable craftables from the Molten Front &8212; dont expect to see these for a whilerunescape shop , but as the base materials arent overly expensive, they should come down in price pretty quickly.

And the BH slot machine starts up again! Note that Occuthar drops and VP costs for T12 gear are still unknown.

I suspect quite a few raiders have the heroic Stormriders piece (heroic Halfus is the easiest, after all), so this will probably be a lower priority spot for VP.

Just my personal opinions on these: Many could use more testing. UW, in particular, sims really well, but Im not convinced of its actual value. Im also holding off on ranking Rickets Magnetic Fireball until I get some more info on the proc.

A good choice for (eventually) using off set, due to the blue socket on tier. I believe the recipe for the LW BoE drops in Firelands, though thats unconfirmed.

Congratulations! If you were one of the very few guilds that successfully defeated Sinestra in 4.0/4.1, you have a belt thats a tiny bit better than a 4.2 honored rep belt. Dont you feel accomplished?

Yay, an offset that isnt named the same as the set! As with the gloves, I expect the Treads to be a Firelands drop recipe.

Well, time to work on Ashen &8230; no, Earthen &8230; no, Avengers rep for a nice ring. If you can hold off until Halloween,runescape buy money there looks to be a new Headless Horseman one also.

I believe the developers are overcompensating for the lack of cloaks in Wrath. Youll get your good cloak just by following the Elemental Bonds quest line. A better one is shortly to follow via Avengers rep, though.

The boring slot. At least its a BOE this time, so you can buy/sell as you need. Hopefully, it has a reasonable drop rate.

Still the last place to put VPs.

That wraps up the gear. I havent included heroic Firelands items, for space reasons; obviously, if you have a heroic Firelands item, itll likely be best in slot (except for the Avengers exalted ring). Have fun in the Firelands, and remember: Friends dont let hunters roll on feral weapons!

Looking for the latest and greatest in feral cat druid guides?Shifting Perspectives has the answers!Check out our cat 101 for Cataclysm. Also dont miss gearing your cat for Cataclysm raiding, addons for cat druids and raiding strats for feral cats.

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Filed under: Druid, (Druid) Shifting Perspectives

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COSMETICS RECEPTACLE

Disclosed is a cosmetics receptacle which has a container part having a container opening, and a container cap combined with the container part in such a manner that the container cap opens and closes the container opening, the cosmetics receptacle including: a guide tube part which includes a pair of guide grooves dotted-formed from an upper end along a length-wise direction, and each of the guide grooves being formed with an upper stopper protrusion; a brush holder having a tube-shaped brush seating tube with a closed upper side, a sliding tube disposed in such a manner that the sliding tube surrounds the brush seating tube, and a pair of guide projections extending from an outer surface of the brush seating tube; a brush mounted in the brush seating tube in such a manner that the brush is exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part when the brush holder moves along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part; and a separation preventing cap combined with the upper end of the guide tube part in such a manner that the separation preventing cap is disposed at the upper side of the brush holder. This makes it possible to easily use the brush, and to stably maintain the clean state and the arrangement state of the brush.

20080196732Flexible Eyelash Glue for an Artificial Eyelashes Extension SystemAugust, 2008Merszei20090293899METHOD FOR COSMETIC TREATMENT OF KERATINOUS FIBRES COMPRISING SEQUENTIALLY APPLYING A COSMETIC COMPOSITION COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE ORGANIC SILICON COMPOUND IN COMBINATION WITH A COMPOSITION FOR CARING FOR AND/OR WASHING KERATINOUS FIBRESDecember, 2009Woodland et al.20070163614Manual electrical equipment for hair straighteningJuly, 2007Ikesaki20090065018Typically Spherical Applicator Tip For Application Of Cosmetic ProductsMarch, 2009Berhault20020059940Protective closing cover for nailsMay, 2002Cain-kozma20090272398HAIR CLIP WITH FLEXING COMFORT FEATURESNovember, 2009Chudzik et al.20090044827COSMETICS CONTAINER SYSTEMFebruary, 2009Zilber et al.20060260628Nail care apparatusNovember, 2006Chan20030056804Powder puffMarch, 2003Tajima20090083986CONDITIONER INFUSER FOR HAIR DRYER ATTACHMENTApril, 2009Langley et al.20080223391Tool for Separating a Hair BundleSeptember, 2008Baker et al.

1. A cosmetics receptacle which has a container part having a container opening, and a container cap combined with the container part in such a manner that the container cap opens and closes the container opening, the cosmetics receptacle comprising: a guide tube part which comprises a pair of guide grooves dotted-formed from an upper end along a length-wise direction, and is combined with an upper end of the container cap in such a manner that the guide grooves are disposed at an upper side, each of the guide grooves being formed with an upper stopper protrusion; a brush holder having a tube-shaped brush seating tube with a closed upper side,Darkmercgrif. a sliding tube disposed in such a manner that the sliding tube surrounds the brush seating tube, and a pair of guide projections extending from an outer surface of the brush seating tube, which is provided in the guide tube part in such a manner that the guide projections are disposed at an upper side of the upper stopper protrusion and the brush holder passes the upper stopper protrusion and moves along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part by an operation of pressing the brush holder toward a lower end of the guide tube part, the pair of guide projections being formed at two positions with a phase difference corresponding to the pair of guide grooves while reaching an inner surface of the sliding tube; a brush mounted in the brush seating tube in such a manner that the brush is exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part when the brush holder moves along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part; and a separation preventing cap combined with the upper end of the guide tube part in such a manner that the separation preventing cap is disposed at the upper side of the brush holder.

2. The cosmetics receptacle as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the container cap, buy gold world of warcraft an escape space for advance through an upper area is formed Cats Eye Rin, and the guide tube part is combined with the container cap in such a manner that the guide tube part is advanced into the escape space.

1. Field of the invention

The present invention relates to a cosmetics receptacle, and more particularly to a cosmetics receptacle having a container part for storing cosmetics in a powder type, a liquid type or a solid type, and a brush for retrieving and applying the cosmetics stored in the container part.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Some cosmetic products such as eye-shadow Taurus Ox Gr, cosmetic powder, etc., have to be applied on a facial treatment area by using a brush. For such cosmetic products using a brush, as described above, a cosmetics receptacle which has a container part for storing cosmetics and a brush for retrieving and applying the cosmetics stored in the container part has been invented and used.

FIG. 6 is an assembled perspective view illustrating a conventional cosmetics receptacle, FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a conventional cosmetics receptacle, and, FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional cosmetics receptacle.

The conventional cosmetics receptacle, as shown in the drawings, includes a container part 110 having a container opening 110a, a container cap 121 combined with the container part 110 in such a manner that it can open/close the container opening 110a, and a brush 123 combined with the container cap 121.

The container part 110 includes an upwardly opened lower container part 111, and an upwardly opened upper container part 112 detachably combined to the upper end of the lower container part 111.

The upper container part 112 has powder passing holes 112a formed in the bottom surface thereof.

The container cap 121 is screw-assembled to the upper container part 112 in such a manner that it can open/close the opening of the upper container part 112.

The brush 123 has a length section which reaches the bottom surface of the upper container part 112 when the container cap 121 is combined with the upper container part 112.

Hereinafter, the method for using the conventional cosmetics receptacle having the above described configuration will be described.

First,Guide for Cl. after separation of the lower container part 111 from the upper container part 112, powder-type cosmetics are stored in the lower container part 111.

Then, in order to pass the cosmetics through the powder passing holes 112a, the lower container part 111 is upside down, and the cosmetics are retrieved by the brush 123.

Then, the container cap 121 is detached, and the brush 123 is placed in contact with the facial treatment area.

However, in the conventional cosmetics receptacle, the container cap 121 (functioning as a brush holder of the present invention) has to be held to move the brush 123 runescape shop , which has caused a problem in that the use of the brush is inconvenient due to the short holding section.

Also, since the brush 123 is stored while being exposed, it is difficult to keep the brush 123 clean, and also the arrangement state of the brush 123 is scattered when the container cap 121 is combined with the upper container part 112 (in other words, brush hairs are folded outward by being entangled in the upper container part while advancing to the upper container part).

Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems occurring in the prior art, and the present invention provides a cosmetics receptacle which can be easily used and allows the clean state and the arrangement state of a brush to be stably maintained.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cosmetics receptacle which has a container part having a container opening, and a container cap combined with the container part in such a manner that the container cap opens and closes the container opening, the cosmetics receptacle including: a guide tube part which includes a pair of guide grooves dotted-formed from an upper end along a length-wise direction, and is combined with an upper end of the container cap in such a manner that the guide grooves are disposed at an upper side, each of the guide grooves being formed with an upper stopper protrusion; a brush holder having a tube-shaped brush seating tube with a closed upper side, a sliding tube disposed in such a manner that the sliding tube surrounds the brush seating tube, and a pair of guide projections extending from an outer surface of the brush seating tube, which is provided in the guide tube part in such a manner that the guide projections are disposed at an upper side of the upper stopper protrusion and the brush holder passes the upper stopper protrusion and moves along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part by an operation of pressing the brush holder toward a lower end of the guide tube part, the pair of guide projections being formed at two positions with a phase difference corresponding to the pair of guide grooves while reaching an inner surface of the sliding tube; a brush mounted in the brush seating tube in such a manner that the brush is exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part when the brush holder moves along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part; and a separation preventing cap combined with the upper end of the guide tube part in such a manner that the separation preventing cap is disposed at the upper side of the brush holder.

Herein, in order to reduce the mounting space of the guide tube part, preferably, in the container cap, an escape space for the advance through an upper area is formed, and the guide tube part is combined with the container cap in such a manner that the guide tube part is advanced into the escape space.

According to the present invention,The Best Clo. the brush holder is provided in the guide tube part in such a manner that it can move along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part combined with the upper end of the container cap. Also, the brush is combined with the brush holder in such a manner that it can be exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part when the brush holder is moved. Thus, the use of the brush can be easy because the holding area is lengthened when the brush is used.

Furthermore, when kept, the brush is advanced to the inside of the guide tube part. Thus, buy warcraft gold it is possible to stably maintain the clean state of the brush. Also, when the brush is advanced to the inside of the guide tube part, the brush hairs are put together by the guide tube part. Thus, it is possible to stably maintain the arrangement state of the brush.

The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an assembled perspective view illustrating a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a partially cut-away cross-sectional view illustrating a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a detailed view illustrating a brush holder area of a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment

FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a method for using a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an assembled perspective view illustrating a conventional cosmetics receptacle;

FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a conventional cosmetics receptacle; and

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a conventional cosmetics receptacle.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is an assembled perspective view illustrating a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 3 is a partially cut-away cross-sectional view illustrating a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 4 is a detailed view illustrating a brush holder area of a cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The cosmetics receptacle according to an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in the drawings, includes a container part 10 having a container opening 10a, a container cap 21 combined with the container part 10 in such a manner that it can open/close the container opening 10a, a guide tube part 22 combined with the upper end of the container cap 21, a brush holder 30 provided in the guide tube part 22, a brush 23 mounted in a brush seating tube 31, and a separation preventing cap 24 combined with the upper end of the guide tube part 22.

In the container part 10, cosmetics are stored, and the container opening 10a of the container part 10 storing the cosmetics is temporarily tightly closed by a packing 51.

In the container cap 21, an escape space 21a for the advance through the upper area is formed.

The lower-side opening of the container cap 21 is tightly closed by an airtight member 52.

The guide tube part 22 includes a pair of guide grooves 22a which are dotted-formed from the upper end along the length-wise direction with a phase difference of 180.

In the guide groove 22a, an upper stopper protrusion 22b, and a lower stopper protrusion 22c are formed.

The guide tube part 22 having the above described configuration is combined with the container cap 21 in such a manner that the guide grooves 22a are disposed at the upper side and advanced into the escape space 21a.

The brush holder 30 includes a tube-shaped brush seating tube 31 with a closed upper side, a sliding tube 32 disposed in such a manner that it can surround the brush seating tube 31, and a pair of guide projections 33 extending from the outer surface of the brush seating tube 31.

The pair of guide projections 33 are positioned at two positions with a phase difference of 180 while reaching the inner surface of the sliding tube 32.

The brush holder 30 having the above described configuration is provided in such a manner that the guide projections 33 are disposed at the upper side of the upper stopper protrusion 22b.

Also, the brush holder 30 can pass the upper stopper protrusion 22b and move along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part 22 by the operation of pressing the brush holder toward the lower end of the guide tube part 22. Herein, the movement of the brush holder 30 is limited by the lower stopper protrusion 22c.

The brush 23 is mounted in the brush seating tube 31 in such a manner that it can be exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part 22 when the brush holder 30 moves along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part 22.

The separation preventing cap 24 is combined with the guide tube part 22 at the upper side of the brush holder 30.

Hereinafter, a method for using the cosmetics receptacle having the above described configuration, according to an embodiment of the present invention buy cheap rs gold , will be described with reference to FIG. 5. For convenience of description, it is assumed that the container part 10 stores cosmetics, and the packing 51 is removed.

First Apache Tomcat/5.5.27, the container cap 21 is detached from the container part 10.

Then, the brush holder 30 is detached from the container cap 21.

Then, the brush holder 30 is moved downward so that the brush 23 can be exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part 22.

Then, the brush 23 is put in the container part 10 and retrieves cosmetics.

Then, the brush 23 is contacted with a facial treatment area.

After the facial treatment, the brush holder 30 is moved upward so that the brush 23 can be advanced to the inside of the guide tube part 22.

Then, the brush holder 30 is combined with the container cap 21.

Last, the container cap 21 is combined with the container part 10.

As described above Champions Sp, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the brush holder 30 is provided in the guide tube part 22 in such a manner that it can move along the length-wise direction of the guide tube part 22 combined with the upper end of the container cap 21. Also, the brush 23 is combined with the brush holder 30 in such a manner that the brush 23 can be exposed by passing the lower end of the guide tube part 22 when the brush holder 30 is moved. Thus, the use of Taesang Hatthe brush can be easy because the holding area is lengthened when the brush is used.

Furthermore, when kept, the brush 23 is advanced to the inside of the guide tube part 22. Thus, it is possible to stably maintain the clean state of the brush 23. Also, when the brush is advanced to the inside of the guide tube part 22, the brush hairs are put together by the guide tube part 22. Thus, it is possible to stably maintain the arrangement state of the brush 23.

Also, since the container cap 21 is formed with the escape space 21a, and the guide tube part 22 is combined with the container cap 21 in such a manner that it can advance into the escape space 21a,wow gnomes f. it is possible to reduce the space for mounting the guide tube part 22.

Although an exemplary embodiment of the present invention has been described for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims.

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Hittite Treaties, Annals and other documents from Anatolia to Egypt, relating to Indo-European rites

Zeph. 1:2 I will sweep away everything from the face of the earth, declares the LORD.

Zeph. 1:3 I will sweep away both men and animals; I will sweep away the birds of the air and the fish of the sea. The wicked will have only heaps of rubble when I cut off man from the face of the earth, declares the LORD.

Zeph. 1:4 I will stretch out my hand against Judah and against all who live in Jerusalem. I will cut off from this place every remnant of Baal, the names of the pagan and the idolatrous priests&151;

Zeph. 1:5 those who bow down on the roofs to worship the starry host, those who bow down and swear by the LORD and who also swear by Molech,

Zeph. 1:6 those who turn back from following the LORD and neither seek the LORD nor inquire of him.

Zeph. 1:7 Be silent before the Sovereign LORD, for the day of the LORD is near. The LORD has prepared a sacrifice; he has consecrated those he has invited.

Zeph. 1:8 On the day of the LORDs sacrifice I will punish the princes and the kings sons and all those clad in foreign clothes.

Zeph. 1:9 On that day I will punish all who avoid stepping on the threshold, who fill the temple of their gods with violence and deceit.

Zeph. 1:10 On that day, declares the LORD, a cry will go up from the Fish Gate, wailing from the New Quarter, and a loud crash from the hills.

Zeph. 1:11 Wail, you who live in the market district ; all your merchants will be wiped out, all who trade with silver will be ruined.

Zeph. 1:12 At that time I will search Jerusalem with lamps and punish those who are complacent, who are like wine left on its dregs, who think, The LORD will do nothing, either good or bad.

Zeph. 1:13 Their wealth will be plundered, their houses demolished. They will build houses but not live in them; they will plant vineyards but not drink the wine.

Zeph. 1:14 The great day of the LORD is near &151; near and coming quickly. Listen! The cry on the day of the LORD will be bitter, the shouting of the warrior there.

Zeph. 1:15 That day will be a day of wrath, a day of distress and anguish, a day of trouble and ruin, a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness,

Zeph. 1:16 a day of trumpet and battle cry against the fortified cities and against the corner towers.

Zeph. 1:17 I will bring distress on the people and they will walk like blind men, because they have sinned against the LORD. Their blood will be poured out like dust and their entrails like filth.

Zeph. 1:18 Neither their silver nor their gold will be able to save them on the day of the LORDs wrath. In the fire of his jealousy the whole world will be consumed, for he will make a sudden end of all who live in the earth.

Zeph. 2:1 Gather together, gather together, O shameful nation,

Zeph. 2:2 before the appointed time arrives and that day sweeps on like chaff, before the fierce anger of the LORD comes upon you, before the day of the LORDs wrath comes upon you.

Zeph. 2:3 Seek the LORD, all you humble of the land, you who do what he commands. Seek righteousness, seek humility; perhaps you will be sheltered on the day of the LORDs anger.

Zeph. 2:4 Gaza will be abandoned and Ashkelon left in ruins. At midday Ashdod will be emptied and Ekron uprooted.

Zeph. 2:5 Woe to you who live by the sea, O Kerethite people; the word of the LORD is against you, O Canaan, land of the Philistines. I will destroy you, and none will be left.

Zeph. 2:6 The land by the sea, where the Kerethites dwell, will be a place for shepherds and sheep pens.

Zeph. 2:7 It will belong to the remnant of the house of Judah; there they will find pasture. In the evening they will lie down in the houses of Ashkelon. The LORD their God will care for them; he will restore their fortunes.

Zeph. 2:8 I have heard the insults of Moab and the taunts of the Ammonites, who insulted my people and made threats against their land.

Zeph. 2:9 Therefore, as surely as I live, declares the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, surely Moab will become like Sodom, the Ammonites like Gomorrah &151; a place of weeds and salt pits, a wasteland forever. The remnant of my people will plunder them; the survivors of my nation will inherit their land.

Zeph. 2:10 This is what they will get in return for their pride, for insulting and mocking the people of the LORD Almighty.

Zeph. 2:11 The LORD will be awesome to them when he destroys all the gods of the land. The nations on every shore will worship him, every one in its own land.

Zeph. 2:12 You too, O Cushites, will be slain by my sword.

Zeph. 2:13 He will stretch out his hand against the north and destroy Assyria, leaving Nineveh utterly desolate and dry as the desert.

Zeph. 2:14 Flocks and herds will lie down there, creatures of every kind. The desert owl and the screech owl will roost on her columns. Their calls will echo through the windows, rubble will be in the doorways, the beams of cedar will be exposed.

Zeph. 2:15 This is the carefree city that lived in safety. She said to herself, I am, and there is none besides me. What a ruin she has become, a lair for wild beasts! All who pass by her scoff and shake their fists.

Zeph. 3:1 Woe to the city of oppressors, rebellious and defiled!

Zeph. 3:2 She obeys no one, she accepts no correction. She does not trust in the LORD, she does not draw near to her God.

Zeph. 3:3 Her officials are roaring lions, her rulers are evening wolves, who leave nothing for the morning.

Zeph. 3:4 Her prophets are arrogant; they are treacherous men. Her priests profane the sanctuary and do violence to the law.

Zeph. 3:5 The LORD within her is righteous; he does no wrong. Morning by morning he dispenses his justice, and every new day he does not fail, yet the unrighteous know no shame.

Zeph. 3:6 I have cut off nations; their strongholds are demolished. I have left their streets deserted, with no one passing through. Their cities are destroyed; no one will be left &151;no one at all.

Zeph. 3:7 I said to the city, Surely you will fear me and accept correction! Then her dwelling would not be cut off, nor all my punishments come upon her. But they were still eager to act corruptly in all they did.

Zeph. 3:8 Therefore wait for me, declares the LORD, for the day I will stand up to testify. I have decided to assemble the nations, to gather the kingdoms and to pour out my wrath on them &151; all my fierce anger. The whole world will be consumed by the fire of my jealous anger.

Zeph. 3:9 Then will I purify the lips of the peoples, that all of them may call on the name of the LORD and serve him shoulder to shoulder.

Zeph. 3:10 From beyond the rivers of Cush my worshipers, my scattered people, will bring me offerings.

Zeph. 3:11 On that day you will not be put to shame for all the wrongs you have done to me, because I will remove from this city those who rejoice in their pride. Never again will you be haughty on my holy hill.

Zeph. 3:12 But I will leave within you the meek and humble, who trust in the name of the LORD.

Zeph. 3:13 The remnant of Israel will do no wrong; they will speak no lies, nor will deceit be found in their mouths. They will eat and lie down and no one will make them afraid.

Zeph. 3:14 Sing, O Daughter of Zion; shout aloud, O Israel! Be glad and rejoice with all your heart, O Daughter of Jerusalem!

Zeph. 3:15 The LORD has taken away your punishment, he has turned back your enemy. The LORD, the King of Israel, is with you; never again will you fear any harm.

Zeph. 3:16 On that day they will say to Jerusalem, Do not fear, O Zion; do not let your hands hang limp.

Zeph. 3:17 The LORD your God is with you, he is mighty to save. He will take great delight in you, he will quiet you with his love, he will rejoice over you with singing.

Zeph. 3:18 The sorrows for the appointed feasts I will remove from you; they are a burden and a reproach to you.

Zeph. 3:19 At that time I will deal with all who oppressed you; I will rescue the lame and gather those who have been scattered. I will give them praise and honor in every land where they were put to shame.

Zeph. 3:20 At that time I will gather you; at that time I will bring you home. I will give you honor and praise among all the peoples of the earth when I restore your fortunes before your very eyes, says the LORD.

2Kgs. 25:19 Of those still in the city, he took the officer in charge of the fighting men and five royal advisers. He also took the secretary who was chief officer in charge of conscripting the people of the land and sixty of his men who were found in the city.

2Kgs. 25:20 Nebuzaradan the commander took them all and brought them to the king of Babylon at Riblah.

2Kgs. 25:21 There at Riblah, in the land of Hamath, the king had them executed. So Judah went into captivity, away from her land.

2Kgs. 25:22 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon appointed Gedaliah son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, to be over the people he had left behind in Judah.

2Kgs. 25:23 When all the army officers and their men heard that the king of Babylon had appointed Gedaliah as governor, they came to Gedaliah at Mizpah &151;Ishmael son of Nethaniah, Johanan son of Kareah, Seraiah son of Tanhumeth the Netophathite, Jaazaniah the son of the Maacathite, and their men.

2Kgs. 25:24 Gedaliah took an oath to reassure them and their men. Do not be afraid of the Babylonian officials, he said. Settle down in the land and serve the king of Babylon, and it will go well with you.

2Kgs. 25:25 In the seventh month, however, Ishmael son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, who was of royal blood, came with ten men and assassinated Gedaliah and also the men of Judah and the Babylonians who were with him at Mizpah.

2Kgs. 25:26 At this, all the people from the least to the greatest, together with the army officers, fled to Egypt for fear of the Babylonians.

2Kgs. 25:27 In the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the year Evil-merodach became king of Babylon, he released Jehoiachin from prison on the twenty-seventh day of the twelfth month.

2Kgs. 25:28 He spoke kindly to him and gave him a seat of honor higher than those of the other kings who were with him in Babylon.

In the accesion-year Nebuchadrezzar went back again to the Hatti-land and marched victoriously through it until the month of Sebat. In the month of Sebat he took the heavy tribute of the Hatti-land back to Babylon. In the month of Nisan he took the hands of Bel and the son of Bel and celebrated the New Year Festival.

. The following text may be an appeal for help of a Hebrew garrison to the pharoah against the invading army of Nebuchadrezzar, who invaded Judah three times in his career. In Ostracon III, Hoshayahu may be the military governor of Lachhish and belong to the end of Zedekiahs reign. Zedekiah was the last king of Judah (reigned 598-588 B.C.). Ostracon IV shows another message from the commander of the garrison concerning the removal of Semayahu, who had been taken to Jerusalem (the capital) and the fact that the signal fires of the town of Azekah could not be seen. They were apparently communicating via signal fires from one hill-top town to another and since he could not see the signal fire from Azekah something was wrong, the Assyrians may have captured the city. These texts compare to the Linear B tablets from Mycennaean times (~1,200 B.C.), when the Mycennaean cities of Tyre, Pylos, Mycennae, etc. were under attack. We dont know who the attackers were that brought down that civilization.

And as for the letter of Tobyahu, servant of the king, which camae to Shallum, son of Yaddua, through the instrumentality of the prophet, saying, Take care! thy servant hath sent it to my lord.

10.2 That they feared greatly…

10.10: And the LORD discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and chased them along the way that goeth up to Bethhoron, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah.

10.11 And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, and were in the going down to Bethhoron, that the LORD cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died: they were more which died with hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword.

10.13 And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies…

Although Cyrus II had planned to conquer Egypt, that task was left to his eldest son, Cambyses II (reigned 529 B.C.-522 B.C.), who conquered Egypt in 525 B.C. The Egypt campaign was launched against Psamtik III, last king of Egypt of the 26th dynasty (reigned 526&150;525 B.C.), who failed to stop the invasion and was executed for treason after Cambyses conquest. Cambyses II had enlisted the aid of the Arabs who provided water to his troops and other aid as he crossed Sinai and defeated the Egyptians at Pelusium, on the frontier of Egypt. Psamtik III withdrew to his capital, Memphis (near modern day Cairo) but the Persians laid seige to the city, capturing it and its pharoah.

Before Cambyses invaded Egypt (525 B.C.), perhaps under the benevolence of Cyrus II who returned the captive Jews in Babylon to Judah, a second Temple dedicated to JHVH was built in Elephantine, where a garrison on the Upper Nile frontier was located (near Lake Aswan). Letters from the Jews garrisoned there to the governor of Judah, during the reign of the Persian King Darius II ("fifth year of his reign, i.e., 419 B.C.), reveal some important characteristics of the Egyptian religion we may not otherwise have known. The Egyptian religion was founded on the firm conviction of life after death (through the god Osiris) and extended that belief to all living things. Thus, they considered animals in a ritualistic way, to be preserved as humans expect to be preserved. Cats were particularly honored and tombs were created in the various cities dedicated especially for cats. Birds had their sanctuaries and bulls and cows theirs, along with alligators, jackels, dogs and birds. They have all been mummified. Herodotus describes their procedures as follows:

2.LXXXV. They mourn and bury the dead like this: whenever a man of note is lost to his house by death, all the women of the house daub their faces or heads with mud; then they leave the corpse in the house and roam about the city lamenting, with their garments girt around them and their breasts showing, and with them all the women of their relatives; [2] elsewhere, the men lament, with garments girt likewise. When this is done, they take the dead body to be embalmed.

2.LXXXVI. There are men whose sole business this is and who have this special craft. [2] When a dead body is brought to them, they show those who brought it wooden models of corpses, painted likenesses; the most perfect way of embalming belongs, they say, to One whose name it would be impious for me to mention in treating such a matter; the second way, which they show, is less perfect than the first, and cheaper; and the third is the least costly of all. Having shown these, they ask those who brought the body in which way they desire to have it prepared. [3] Having agreed on a price, the bearers go away, and the workmen, left alone in their place, embalm the body. If they do this in the most perfect way, they first draw out part of the brain through the nostrils with an iron hook, and inject certain drugs into the rest. [4] Then, making a cut near the flank with a sharp knife of Ethiopian stone, they take out all the intestines, and clean the belly, rinsing it with palm wine and bruised spices; [5] they sew it up again after filling the belly with pure ground myrrh and casia and any other spices, except frankincense. After doing this,

2.LXXXVII. That is how they prepare the dead in the most costly way; those who want the middle way and shun the costly, they prepare as follows. [2] The embalmers charge their syringes with cedar oil and fill the belly of the dead man with it, without making a cut or removing the intestines, but injecting the fluid through the anus and preventing it from running out; then they embalm the body for the appointed days; on the last day they drain the belly of the cedar oil which they put in before. [3] It has such great power as to bring out with it the internal organs and intestines all dissolved; meanwhile, the flesh is eaten away by the saltpetre, and in the end nothing is left of the body but hide and bones. Then the embalmers give back the dead body with no more ado.

2.LXXXVIII. The third manner of embalming, the preparation of the poorer dead, is this: they cleanse the belly with a purge, embalm the body for the seventy days and then give it back to be taken away.

2.LXXXIX. Wives of notable men, and women of great beauty and reputation, are not at once given to the embalmers, but only after they have been dead for three or four days; [2] this is done to deter the embalmers from having intercourse with the women. For it is said that one was caught having intercourse with the fresh corpse of a woman, and was denounced by his fellow-workman.

2.XC. Anyone, Egyptian or foreigner, known to have been carried off by a crocodile or drowned by the river itself, must by all means be embalmed and wrapped as attractively as possible and buried in a sacred coffin by the people of the place where he is cast ashore; [2] none of his relatives or friends may touch him, but his body is considered something more than human, and is handled and buried by the priests of the Nile themselves.

Gen. 50:3

Gen. 50:4 When the days of mourning had passed, Joseph said to Pharaohs court October 22, 2011, If I have found favor in your eyes, speak to Pharaoh for me. Tell him,

Gen. 50:5 My father made me swear an oath and said, I am about to die; bury me in the tomb I dug for myself in the land of Canaan. Now let me go up and bury my father; then I will return.

Gen. 50:6 Pharaoh said, Go up and bury your father, as he made you swear to do.

Gen. 50:7 So Joseph went up to bury his father. All Pharaohs officials accompanied him &151;the dignitaries of his court and all the dignitaries of Egypt&151;

Gen. 50:8 besides all the members of Josephs household and his brothers and those belonging to his fathers household. Only their children and their flocks and herds were left in Goshen.

Gen. 50:9 Chariots and horsemen also went up with him. It was a very large company.

Gen. 50:10 When they reached the threshing floor of Atad,Scoutmaster Handbook. wow gold near the Jordan, they lamented loudly and bitterly; and there Joseph observed a seven-day period of mourning for his father.

Gen. 50:11 When the Canaanites who lived there saw the mourning at the threshing floor of Atad, they said, The Egyptians are holding a solemn ceremony of mourning. That is why that place near the Jordan is called Abel Mizraim.

Gen. 50:12 So Jacobs sons did as he had commanded them:

Gen. 50:13 They carried him to the land of Canaan and buried him in the cave in the field of Machpelah, near Mamre, which Abraham had bought as a burial place from Ephron the Hittite, along with the field.

Gen. 50:14 After burying his father, Joseph returned to Egypt, together with his brothers and all the others who had gone with him to bury his father.

.

While the Egyptians did sacrifice animals to the gods, there were limitations, and there certainly was a limitation on the sacrifice of sheep, particularly rams. The symbol of the sun-god, Amon-re, was a ram. (The ram-headed serpent is a symbol of the sun-god, Lord of Beasts, Curnunnos, of the Celts.) Feasting on a lamb on the Jewish Passover is perhaps the holiest feast of the Jews, since the sacrifice and feasting on a lamb was the sign used to separate Jews from Gentiles (Egyptians) when Moses led the Jews out of Egypt about 1,200 B.C. The most probable date for the Exodus is about 1290 B.C. The oppressive pharaoh noted in Exodus (1:2&150;2:23) was probably Seti I (reigned 1318&150;1304), and the pharaoh during the Exodus would thus have been Ramses II (c. 1304&150;c. 1237); however, if we were to use the date specified in I Kings 6:1: that the Exodus from Egypt occurred 480 years before Solomon began building the Temple in Jerusalem, the time of the Exodus would have been ~1480-1440 B.C., when Thutmose III was pharoah in 1,440 B.C.

Exod. 12:12 On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn &151;both men and animals &151;and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD.

Exod. 12:13 The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are; and when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No destructive plague will touch you when I strike Egypt.

Exod. 12:14 This is a day you are to commemorate; for the generations to come you shall celebrate it as a festival to the LORD &151;a lasting ordinance.

Exod. 12:15 For seven days you are to eat bread made without yeast. On the first day remove the yeast from your houses, for whoever eats anything with yeast in it from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel.

Before the time of Cambyses II (conquering Egypt in 525 B.C.) a second Temple was built in Elephantine, Egypt. But the temple was destroyed by the Egyptians who apparently were at odds with the Jews over the sacrifices of the Temple, as we learn from the Papyri from Elephantine,

Jewish colony at Elephantine ~407 B.C.)

Yedo]niah and his colleagues the [J]ewish gar[rison], your

brother Hanan[iah]. The welfare of my brethren may the

gods [seek..].

Now this year, the fifth year of King Darius, an order was sent

from the king to Arsa[mes, saying,

.....Jew]ish [garrison]. Now therefore do you count four-

[5] &150; [teen days of the month Nisan and ke]ep…, and from the

fifteenth day until the twenty-first day of [Nisan

....]. Be ritually clean and take heed. [Do] n[o] work

[...no ]r drink…, and anything whatever [in] which the[re]

is] leaven

[do not eat...from]sunset until the twenty-first day of Nis[an

....do not br]ing [it] into your houses, but seal [it] up

between [these] day[s].

[10] &150; [....ki]ng.

[To my brethren Yedoniah and his colleagues the Jewish

garrison, your brother Hanan[iah].

and his colleagues, the priests who are in the fortress of

Elephantine. The welfare

of your lordship may the God of heaven seek abundantly at all

times, and give you favour before King Darius

and the court circles a thousand times more than at present, and

may He grant you long life and may you be happy and

prosperous at all times.

Now your servant Yedoniah and his colleagues depose as follows:

In the month of Tammuz in the fourteenth year of King

Darius when Arsames

[(5] &150; departed and went to the King, the priests of the god Khnub

in the fortress of Elephantine combined with Widrang,Gaia Boss.

who was governor here,

Elephantine be done away with. Then Widrang, that

scoundrel, sent a letter to his son Nephayan, who was in command

of the garrison in the fortress of Elephantine, saying, Let

the temple which is in Elephantine,

the fortress, be destroyed. Thereupon Nephayan led the

Egyptians with the other troops. They came to the fortress

of Elephantine with their weapons,

entered that temple, razed it to the ground, and broke the stone

pillars which were there. Moreover five gateways

[10] &150; of stone, built with hewn blocks of stone, which were in that

temple, they destroyed, and their doors were set up, and the

hinges

of those doors were of bronze, and the roof of cedar wood, all of

it, with the rest of the timber-work and other things which

were there,

was entirely burned with fire, and the basins of gold and silver

and everything whatsoever that was in that temple they

took

and made their own. Our fathers built this temple in the fortress

of Elephantine in the days of the Kings of Egypt, and when

Cambyses entered Egypt

he found that temple already built, and though all the temples

of the Egyptian gods were destroyed,vanguard Woo. no one did any harm

to that temple.

[15] &150; When this was done we, with our wives and children, put on

sackcloth and fasted and prayed to Yahu, the Lord of

Heaven,

Who let us see our desire upon that hound Widrang. The anklet

was torn from his legs, and all the wealth he had acquired

was lost, and all the men

who sought to do harm to that temple were all killed, and

we saw our desire upon them. Further, before this, at the

time when this evil

was done to us, we sent a letter to your lordship and to the High

Priest Johanan and his colleagues the priests in Jerusalem

and to Ostanes, the brother

of Anani, and the leaders of the Jews. They have not sent any

letter to us; Moreover from the month of Tammuz in the

fourteenth year of King Darius

[20] &150; until this day we have worn sackcloth and fasted. Our wives are

made as widows, we do not anoint ourselves with oil,

and we drink no wine. Also from then till the present day, in

the seventeenth year of King Darius, meal-offering and

inc[en]se and burnt offering

have not been offered in this temple. Now your servants Yedoniah

and his colleagues and the Jews, all citizens of Elephantine,

say:

If it seems good to your lordship, take thought for that temple to

rebuild it, since they do not permit us to rebuild it. Look

upon your well wishers and friends here in Egypt. Let a

letter be sent from you to them concerning this temple of the

God Yahu

[25] &150; that it be rebuilt in the fortress of Elephantine as it was built

before, and let meal-offering, incense and burnt-offering be

offered

upon the altar of the God Yahu in your name, and we will pray

for you continually, we, our wives, and our childrfen and all

the Jews.

who are here, if it is so arranged that this temple be rebuilt, and it

shall be a merit to you before Yahu, the God of

Heaven, greater than that of a man who offers Him a burnt-

offering and sacrifices worth as much as a thousand talents

of silver. Now concerning gold, concerning this

we have sent and given instructions. Further we have set out the

whole matter in a letter sent in our name to Delaiah and

Shelemaiah, the sons of Sanballat the governor of Samaria.

[30] &150; Also Arsames knew nothing of all this that was done to us. Dated

the twentieth of Marchesvan in the seventeenth year of King

Darius (12)

to me: Let it be a memorandum to you in Egypt to

say

to Arsames concerning the altar-house of the God of

Heaven, which was built in the fortress of Elephantine

[5] &150; long ago, before Cambyses,

which that scoundrel Widrang destroyed

in the fourteenth year of King Darius,

that it be rebuilt in its place as it was before,

and that meal-offering and incense be offered upon

[10] &150; that altar as was formerly done.

name, one,

Mauzi, the son of Nathan, by name, one,

Shemaiah, the son of Haggai, by name, one,

Hosea, the son of Yathom, by name, one,

Hosea, the son of Nathun, by name, one: five persons

in all,

Syenians who [ow]n [proper]ty in the fortress of

Elephantine,

say as follows: If your lordship is [favour]able

and the temple of Yahu ou[r] God [is rebuilt]

in the fortress of Elephantine as it was form[erly

built],

but sheep and oxen and goats are [no]t offered there,

but incense and meal-offering….

and your lordship iss[ues] an edict [to this effect],

we will pay to your Lorships house the sum of

…in si[lver...]

a thous[and] ardabs of barley.

2.XLVIII. To Dionysus, on the evening of his festival, everyone offers a piglet which he kills before his door and then gives to the swineherd who has sold it, for him to take away. [2] The rest of the festival of Dionysus is observed by the Egyptians much as it is by the Greeks, except for the dances; but in place of the phallus, they have invented the use of puppets two feet high moved by strings, the male member nodding and nearly as big as the rest of the body, which are carried about the villages by women; a flute-player goes ahead, the women follow behind singing of Dionysus. [3] Why the male member is so large and is the only part of the body that moves, there is a sacred legend that explains.

2.XLIX. Now then, it seems to me that Melampus son of Amytheon was not ignorant of but was familiar with this sacrifice. For Melampus was the one who taught the Greeks the name of Dionysus and the way of sacrificing to him and the phallic procession; he did not exactly unveil the subject taking all its details into consideration, for the teachers who came after him made a fuller revelation; but it was from him that the Greeks learned to bear the phallus along in honor of Dionysus, and they got their present practice from his teaching. [2] I say, then, that Melampus acquired the prophetic art, being a discerning man, and that, besides many other things which he learned from Egypt, he also taught the Greeks things concerning Dionysus, altering few of them; for I will not say that what is done in Egypt in connection with the god and what is done among the Greeks originated independently: for they would then be of an Hellenic character and not recently introduced. [3] Nor again will I say that the Egyptians took either this or any other custom from the Greeks. But I believe that Melampus learned the worship of Dionysus chiefly from Cadmus of Tyre and those who came with Cadmus from Phoenicia to the land now called Boeotia.

2.L. In fact, the names of nearly all the gods came to Hellas from Egypt. For I am convinced by inquiry that they have come from foreign parts, and I believe that they came chiefly from Egypt…

2.LVII…[3] The fashions of divination at Thebes of Egypt and at Dodona are like one another; moreover, the practice of divining from the sacrificed victim has also come from Egypt.

2. LVIII. It would seem, too, that the Egyptians were the first people to establish solemn assemblies, and processions, and services; the Greeks learned all that from them. I consider this proved, because the Egyptian ceremonies are manifestly very ancient, and the Greek are of recent origin.

2.LIX. The Egyptians hold solemn assemblies not once a year, but often. The principal one of these and the most enthusiastically celebrated is that in honor of Artemis at the town of Bubastis1 , and the next is that in honor of Isis at Busiris. [2] This town is in the middle of the Egyptian Delta, and there is in it a very great temple of Isis, who is Demeter in the Greek language. [3] The third greatest festival is at Saïs in honor of Athena; the fourth is the festival of the sun at Heliopolis, the fifth of Leto at Buto, and the sixth of Ares at Papremis.

2.LXI. This is what they do there; I have already described how they keep the feast of Isis at Busiris. There, after the sacrifice, all the men and women lament, in countless numbers; but it is not pious for me to say who it is for whom they lament. [2] Carians who live in Egypt do even more than this, inasmuch as they cut their foreheads with knives; and by this they show that they are foreigners and not Egyptians.

2.LXII. When they assemble at Saïs on the night of the sacrifice, they keep lamps burning outside around their houses. These lamps are saucers full of salt and oil on which the wick floats, and they burn all night. This is called the Feast of Lamps. [2] Egyptians who do not come to this are mindful on the night of sacrifice to keep their own lamps burning, and so they are alight not only at Saïs but throughout Egypt. A sacred tale is told showing why this night is lit up thus and honored.

2.LXIII. When the people go to Heliopolis and Buto, they offer sacrifice only. At Papremis sacrifice is offered and rites performed just as elsewhere; but when the sun is setting, a few of the priests hover about the image, while most of them go and stand in the entrance to the temple with clubs of wood in their hands; others, more than a thousand men fulfilling vows, who also carry wooden clubs, stand in a mass opposite. [2] The image of the god, in a little gilded wooden shrine, they carry away on the day before this to another sacred building. The few who are left with the image draw a four-wheeled wagon conveying the shrine and the image that is in the shrine; the others stand in the space before the doors and do not let them enter, while the vow-keepers, taking the side of the god, strike them, who defend themselves. [3] A fierce fight with clubs breaks out there, and they are hit on their heads, and many, I expect, even die from their wounds; although the Egyptians said that nobody dies. [4] The natives say that they made this assembly a custom from the following incident: the mother of Ares lived in this temple; Ares had been raised apart from her and came, when he grew up, wishing to visit his mother; but as her attendants kept him out and would not let him pass, never having seen him before, Ares brought men from another town, manhandled the attendants, and went in to his mother. From this, they say, this hitting for Ares became a custom in the festival.

2.LXIV. Furthermore, it was the Egyptians who first made it a matter of religious observance not to have intercourse with women in temples or to enter a temple after such intercourse without washing. Nearly all other peoples are less careful in this matter than are the Egyptians and Greeks, and consider a man to be like any other animal; [2] for beasts and birds (they say) are seen to mate both in the temples and in the sacred precincts; now were this displeasing to the god, the beasts would not do so. This is the reason given by others for practices which I, for my part, dislike;

LXV. but the Egyptians in this and in all other matters are exceedingly strict against desecration of their temples.

2.XXXVIII. They believe that bulls belong to Epaphus,[1] and for this reason scrutinize them as follows; if they see even one black hair on them, the bull is considered impure. [2] One of the priests, appointed to the task, examines the beast, making it stand and lie, and drawing out its tongue, to determine whether it is clean of the stated signs which I shall indicate hereafter. He looks also to the hairs of the tail, to see if they grow naturally. [3] If it is clean in all these respects, the priest marks it by wrapping papyrus around the horns, then smears it with sealing-earth and stamps it with his ring; and after this they lead the bull away. But the penalty is death for sacrificing a bull that the priest has not marked. Such is the manner of approving the beast; I will now describe how it is sacrificed.

2.XXXIX. After leading the marked beast to the altar where they will sacrifice it, they kindle a fire; then they pour wine on the altar over the victim and call upon the god; then they cut its throat, and having done so sever the head from the body. [2] They flay the carcass of the victim, then invoke many curses on its head cheapest runescape gold , which they carry away. Where there is a market, and Greek traders in it, the head is taken to the market and sold; where there are no Greeks, it is thrown into the river. [3] The imprecation which they utter over the heads is that whatever ill threatens those who sacrifice, or the whole of Egypt, fall upon that head. [4] In respect of the heads of sacrificed beasts and the libation of wine, the practice of all Egyptians is the same in all sacrifices; and from this ordinance no Egyptian will taste of the head of anything that had life.

2.XL. But in regard to the disembowelling and burning of the victims, there is a different way for each sacrifice. I shall now, however, speak of that goddess whom they consider the greatest, and in whose honor they keep highest festival. [2] After praying in the foregoing way, they take the whole stomach out of the flayed bull, leaving the entrails and the fat in the carcass, and cut off the legs, the end of the loin, the shoulders, and the neck. [3] Having done this, they fill what remains of the carcass with pure bread, honey, raisins, figs, frankincense, myrrh, and other kinds of incense, and then burn it, pouring a lot of oil on it. [4] They fast before the sacrifice, and while it is burning, they all make lamentation; and when their lamentation is over, they set out a meal of what is left of the victim.

2.XLI. All Egyptians sacrifice unblemished bulls and bull-calves; they may not sacrifice cows: these are sacred to Isis. [2] For the images of Isis are in womans form, horned like a cow, exactly as the Greeks picture Io, and cows are held by far the most sacred of all beasts of the herd by all Egyptians alike. [3] For this reason, no Egyptian man or woman will kiss a Greek man, or use a knife, or a spit ranger build, or a cauldron belonging to a Greek, or taste the flesh of an unblemished bull that has been cut up with a Greek knife. [4] Cattle that die are dealt with in the following way. Cows are cast into the river, bulls are buried by each city in its suburbs, with one or both horns uncovered for a sign; then, when the carcass is decomposed, and the time appointed is at hand, a boat comes to each city from the island called Prosopitis, [5] an island in the Delta, nine schoeni in circumference. There are many other towns on Prosopitis; the one from which the boats come to gather the bones of the bulls is called Atarbekhis; a temple of Aphrodite stands in it of great sanctity. [6] From this town many go out, some to one town and some to another, to dig up the bones, which they then carry away and all bury in one place. As they bury the cattle, so do they all other beasts at death. Such is their ordinance respecting these also; for they, too, may not be killed.

2.XLII. All that have a temple of Zeus of Thebes or are of the Theban district sacrifice goats, but will not touch sheep. [2] For no gods are worshipped by all Egyptians in common except Isis and Osiris, who they say is Dionysus; these are worshipped by all alike. Those who have a temple of Mendes or are of the Mendesian district sacrifice sheep, but will not touch goats. [3] The Thebans, and those who by the Theban example will not touch sheep, give the following reason for their ordinance: they say that Heracles wanted very much to see Zeus and that Zeus did not want to be seen by him, but that finally, when Heracles prayed, Zeus contrived [4] to show himself displaying the head and wearing the fleece of a ram which he had flayed and beheaded. It is from this that the Egyptian images of Zeus have a rams head; and in this, the Egyptians are imitated by the Ammonians, who are colonists from Egypt and Ethiopia and speak a language compounded of the tongues of both countries. [5] It was from this, I think, that the Ammonians got their name, too; for the Egyptians call Zeus Amon." The Thebans, then, consider rams sacred for this reason, and do not sacrifice them. [6] But one day a year, at the festival of Zeus, they cut in pieces and flay a single ram and put the fleece on the image of Zeus, as in the story; then they bring an image of Heracles near it. Having done this, all that are at the temple mourn for the ram, and then bury it in a sacred coffin.

2.LXV. but the Egyptians in this and in all other matters are exceedingly strict against desecration of their temples.

[2] Although Egypt has Libya on its borders,purple comma. it is not a country of many animals. All of them are held sacred; some of these are part of mens households and some not; but if I were to say why they are left alone as sacred, I should end up talking of matters of divinity, which I am especially averse to treating; I have never touched upon such except where necessity has compelled me. [3] But I will indicate how it is customary to deal with the animals. Men and women are appointed guardians to provide nourishment for each kind respectively; a son inherits this office from his father. [4] Townsfolk in each place, when they pay their vows, pray to the god to whom the animal is dedicated, shaving all or one half or one third of their childrens heads, and weighing the hair in a balance against a sum of silver; then the weight in silver of the hair is given to the female guardian of the creatures, who buys fish with it and feeds them. [5] Thus, food is provided for them. Whoever kills one of these creatures intentionally is punished with death; if he kills accidentally, he pays whatever penalty the priests appoint. Whoever kills an ibis or a hawk, intentionally or not, must die for it.

2.LXVI. There are many household animals; and there would be many more, were it not for what happens among the cats. When the females have a litter, they are no longer receptive to the males; those that seek to have intercourse with them cannot; [2] so their recourse is to steal and carry off and kill the kittens (but they do not eat what they have killed). The mothers, deprived of their young and desiring to have more, will then approach the males; for they are creatures that love offspring. [3] And when a fire breaks out, very strange things happen among the cats. The Egyptians stand around in a broken line, thinking more of the cats than of quenching the burning; but the cats slip through or leap over the men and spring into the fire. [4] When this happens, there is great mourning in Egypt. The occupants of a house where a cat has died a natural death shave their eyebrows and no more; where a dog has died, the head and the whole body are shaven.

2.LXVII. Dead cats are taken away to sacred buildings in the town of Bubastis, where they are embalmed and buried; female dogs are buried by the townsfolk in their own towns in sacred coffins; and the like is done with mongooses. Shrew-mice and hawks are taken away to Buto, ibises to the city of Hermes. [2] There are few bears, and the wolves are little bigger than foxes; both these are buried wherever they are found lying.

2.LXVIII. The nature of crocodiles is as follows. For the four winter months, it eats nothing. It has four feet, and lives both on land and in the water, for it lays eggs and hatches them out on land and spends the greater part of the day on dry ground, and the night in the river, the water being warmer than the air and dew. [2] No mortal creature of all which we know grows from so small a beginning to such greatness; for its eggs are not much bigger than goose eggs, and the young crocodile is of a proportional size, but it grows to a length of twenty-eight feet and more. [3] It has eyes like pigs eyes, and long, protruding teeth. It is the only animal that has no tongue. It does not move the lower jaw, but brings the upper jaw down upon the lower, uniquely among beasts. [4] It also has strong claws, and a scaly, impenetrable hide on its back. It is blind in the water, but very keen of sight in the air. Since it lives in the water, its mouth is all full of leeches. All birds and beasts flee from it, except the sandpiper1 , with which it is at peace because this bird does the crocodile a service; [5] for whenever the crocodile comes ashore out of the water and then opens its mouth (and it does this mostly to catch the west wind), the sandpiper goes into its mouth and eats the leeches; the crocodile is pleased by this service and does the sandpiper no harm.

2.LXIX. Some of the Egyptians consider crocodiles sacred; others do not, but treat them as enemies. Those who live near Thebes and lake Moeris consider them very sacred. [2] Every household raises one crocodile, trained to be tame; they put ornaments of glass and gold on its ears and bracelets on its forefeet, provide special food and offerings for it, and give the creatures the best of treatment while they live; after death, the crocodiles are embalmed and buried in sacred coffins. [3] But around Elephantine they are not held sacred, and are even eaten. The Egyptians do not call them crocodiles, but khampsae. The Ionians named them crocodiles, from their resemblance to the lizards which they have in their walls.

2.LXXI. Hippopotamuses are sacred in the district of Papremis, but not elsewhere in Egypt. They present the following appearance: four-footed, with cloven hooves like cattle; blunt-nosed; with a horses mane, visible tusks, a horses tail and voice; big as the biggest bull. Their hide is so thick that, when it is dried, spearshafts are made of it.

2.LXXII. Otters are found in the river, too, which the Egyptians consider sacred; and they consider sacred that fish, too, which is called the scale-fish, and the eel. These, and the fox-goose1 among birds, are said to be sacred to the god of the Nile.

2.LXXIII. There is another sacred bird, too, whose name is phoenix. I myself have never seen it, only pictures of it; for the bird seldom comes into Egypt: once in five hundred years, as the people of Heliopolis say. [2] It is said that the phoenix comes when his father dies. If the picture truly shows his size and appearance, his plumage is partly golden and partly red. He is most like an eagle in shape and size. [3] What they say this bird manages to do is incredible to me. Flying from Arabia to the temple of the sun, they say, he conveys his father encased in myrrh and buries him at the temple of the Sun. [4] This is how he conveys him: he first molds an egg of myrrh as heavy as he can carry, then tries lifting it, and when he has tried it, he then hollows out the egg and puts his father into it, and plasters over with more myrrh the hollow of the egg into which he has put his father, which is the same in weight with his father lying in it, and he conveys him encased to the temple of the Sun in Egypt. This is what they say this bird does.

2.LXXIV. Near Thebes there are sacred snakes, harmless to men, small in size, and bearing two horns on the top of their heads. These, when they die, are buried in the temple of Zeus, to whom they are said to be sacred.

2. LXXVIII. After rich mens repasts, a man carries around an image in a coffin, painted and carved in exact imitation of a corpse two or four feet long. This he shows to each of the company, saying While you drink and enjoy, look on this; for to this state you must come when you die. Such is the custom at their symposia.

(1) Documents from Old Testament Times, Edited by D. Winton Thomas, Harper Torchbooks, New York; originally published by Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., London, 1958, pp. 118-133.

(2) Records of the Assyrian and Babylonian contributed to Documents from Old Testament Times by D.J. Wiseman, M.A., Assistant Keeper in the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities, British Museum, at the time of the books publication.

(3) The Umman-manda, or barbarian hordes, have been thought to be either another description of the Median confederation of tribes under Kyaxares, or the Scythian tribes from the northern hills [Thomas note, p76].

(4) Sin-shar-ishkun was the last king of Assyria at Nineveh (628-612 B.C. The month of Ab is July-August. The ruin-mound (Arabic, tell), has been excavated and can be seen by teh east bank of the Tigris river opposite Mosul. The ruins are known as Tell Kuyunjik and Tell Nebi Yunus (Ruin-mound of the Prophet Jonah) [based on Thomas note, p. 76].

(5) The prophesy of Zephaniah (630 B.C.) seems more like a historical account, mentioning the same names and consequences with regard to the names in the Assyrian Chronicles. I have included the entire prophesy for reference.

(6) "When Ashur-uballit had withdrawn from Nineveh to Harran to establish the Assyrian royal court there, he was supported by Egyptian troops with whose aid he held the city for two years. Harran fell in 609 B.C. to a combined assault by the Scythians (Umman-manda) and the Babylonians. To bring adequate support, Necho II, king of Egypt, had to march through Palestine to capture Carchemish and then cross the Euphrates to Harran. This move brought him into conflict with Judah, whose king Josiah was seeking to regain control of former Israelite territory. Josiahs untimely intervention at Megiddo resulted in his death on the battlefield (2 Chronicles 35.20-5). This must have occurred in 609 B.C., for the Babylonian Chronicle for the next year makes no further reference to Ashur-uballit or to the Egyptians [Thomas note, p. 77].

(7) Nebuchadrezzar captured the king Jehoiachin, together with his mother, servants, royal household, and certain soldiers and craftsmen. He appointed the twenty-one year old Mattaniah to succeed his nephew Jehoiachin and changed Mattaniahs name to Zedekiah. About 15 days after Jerusalem (the city of Judah) had fallen the Babylonians carried away the prisoners and the treasures of the Temple (Month of Adar &150; Feb.Mar., ~597 B.C.). He captured the city 16 March 597 B.C. [based on Thomas note, p. 80,81]. See 2 Kings 24 above and 2 Chronicles 36.10. To view a good page on the modern town of Harran go to: Carchemish was located where the modern town of Jerablus is, on the border between Syria and Turkey. Jehoiachin was released after 36 years of captivity. Giving a captured individual a new name was a common practice during that time. Jeremiah (writing ~606 B.C.) chapters 46.2-26 tells of this account of Nebuchadrezzar who reigned from 605 to 561 B.C. The warning Jeremiah gave to Jehoiakim is in chapter 26, 27; and in Jeremiah chapter 28 the warning is to Zedekiah. Nebuchadrezzar is also known as Nebuchadnezzar. In the ninth year of his reign he revolted against Nebuchadrezzar.

(8) Letters from Lachish contributed to Documents from Old Testament Times by D. Winton Thomas, M.A., Regius Professor of Hebrew, University of Cambridge, at the time of publication of the book. The name Konyahu, Yahu is firm, is recorded in Jeremiah 22.24:

Jer. 22:25 I will hand you over to those who seek your life, those you fear &151;to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and to the Babylonians.

Jer. 22:26 I will hurl you and the mother who gave you birth into another country, where neither of you was born, and Advanced Warrior Ostraconthere you both will die.

Jer. 22:27 You will never come back to the land you long to return to.

Jer. 22:28 Is this man Jehoiachin a despised, broken pot, an object no one wants? Why will he and his children be hurled out, cast into a land they do not know?

Jer. 22:29 O land, land, land, hear the word of the LORD!

Jer. 22:30 This is what the LORD says: Record this man as if childless, a man who will not prosper in his lifetime, for none of his offspring will prosper, runescape store none will sit on the throne of David or rule anymore in Judah.

Jer. 26:21 When King Jehoiakim and all his officers and officials heard his words, the king sought to put him to death. But Uriah heard of it and fled in fear to Egypt.

Jer. 26:22 King Jehoiakim, however, sent Elnathan son of Acbor to Egypt, along with some other men.

Jer. 26:23 They brought Uriah out of Egypt and took him to King Jehoiakim, who had him struck down with a sword and his body thrown into the burial place of the common people.)

(9) Maps of Palestine are from the Yaakov Aviel Collection, published by Yaakov Aviel, Tel-Aviv, 1984.

(10) Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2005.

(11)

(12) Johanan is a name often mentioned in the Old Testament. But the Johanan specifically mentioned in this text is mentioned in the book of Nehemiah:

Neh. 12:23 The family heads among the descendants of Levi up to the time of Johanan son of Eliashib were recorded in the book of the annals (Chronicles).

1Chr. 24:7 The first lot fell to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah,

1Chr. 24:8 the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim,

1Chr. 24:9 the fifth to Malkijah, the sixth to Mijamin,

1Chr. 24:10 the seventh to Hakkoz, the eighth to Abijah,

1Chr. 24:11 the ninth to Jeshua, the tenth to Shecaniah,

1Chr. 24:12 the eleventh to Eliashib, the twelfth to Jakim,

Ezra 10:2 Then Shecaniah son of Jehiel, one of the descendants of Elam, said to Ezra, We have been unfaithful to our God by marrying foreign women from the peoples around us. But in spite of this, there is still hope for Israel.

Ezra 10:3 Now let us make a covenant before our God to send away all these women and their children, in accordance with the counsel of my lord and of those who fear the commands of our God. Let it be done according to the Law.

Ezra 10:4 Rise up; this matter is in your hands. We will support you, so take courage and do it.

Ezra 10:5 So Ezra rose up and put the leading priests and Levites and all Israel under oath to do what had been suggested. And they took the oath.

Ezra 10:6 Then Ezra withdrew from before the house of God and went to the room of Jehohanan son of Eliashib. While he was there November 10, 2011, he ate no food and drank no water, because he continued to mourn over the unfaithfulness of the exiles.

Ezra 10:7 A proction was then issued throughout Judah and Jerusalem for all the exiles to assemble in Jerusalem.

Ezra 10:8 Anyone who failed to appear within three days would forfeit all his property, in accordance with the decision of the officials and elders, and would himself be expelled from the assembly of the exiles.

Ezra 10:9 Within the three days, all the men of Judah and Benjamin had gathered in Jerusalem. And on the twentieth day of the ninth month, all the people were sitting in the square before the house of God, greatly distressed by the occasion and because of the rain.

Ezra 10:10 Then Ezra the priest stood up and said to them, You have been unfaithful; you have married foreign women, adding to Israels guilt.

Ezra 10:11 Now make confession to the LORD, the God of your fathers, and do his will. Separate yourselves from the peoples around you and from your foreign wives.

Ezra 10:12 The whole assembly responded with a loud voice: You are right! We must do as you say.

Arsames was the governor of Egypt for many years and related to the Persian royal house [Thomas note, p. 259]

(13) A controversy involving the main players of these letters is described in Nehemiah chapter 6. While these were involved in rebuilding the Temple at Elephantine, the refugees from the captivity in Babylon were just finishing the walls of Jerusalem, but no one had yet moved inside the walls. What is interesting here is the part Tobias plays at Jerusalem and from the testimony of this verse he must have had a hand in the controversy of the Temple in Elephantine. Also, it would appear that the Temple in Elephantine had been restored previous to the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem, since these letters emphasize the antiquity of the Temple of Yahu in Elephantine.

Neh. 6:2 Sanballat and Geshem sent me this message: Come, let us meet together in one of the villages on the plain of Ono. But they were scheming to harm me;

Neh. 6:3 so I sent messengers to them with this reply: I am carrying on a great project and cannot go down. Why should the work stop while I leave it and go down to you?

Neh. 6:4 Four times they sent me the same message, and each time I gave them the same answer.

Neh. 6:5 Then, the fifth time, Sanballat sent his aide to me with the same message, and in his hand was an unsealed letter

Neh. 6:6 in which was written: It is reported among the nations &151;and Geshem says it is true &151;that you and the Jews are plotting to revolt, and therefore you are building the wall. Moreover, according to these reports you are about to become their king

Neh. 6:7 and have even appointed prophets to make this proction about you in Jerusalem: There is a king in Judah! Now this report will get back to the king; so come, let us confer together.

Neh. 6:8 I sent him this reply: Nothing like what you are saying is happening; you are just making it up out of your head.

Neh. 6:9 They were all trying to frighten us, thinking, Their hands will get too weak for the work, and it will not be completed. But I prayed, Now strengthen my hands.

Neh. 6:10 One day I went to the house of Shemaiah son of Delaiah, the son of Mehetabel, who was shut in at his home. He said, Let us meet in the house of God, inside the temple, and let us close the temple doors, because men are coming to kill you &151;by night they are coming to kill you.

Neh. 6:11 But I said, Should a man like me run away? Or should one like me go into the temple to save his life? I will not go!

Neh. 6:12 I realized that God had not sent him, but that he had prophesied against me because Tobiah and Sanballat had hired him.

Neh. 6:13 He had been hired to intimidate me so that I would commit a sin by doing this, and then they would give me a bad name to discredit me.

Neh. 6:14 Remember Tobiah and Sanballat, O my God, because of what they have done; remember also the prophetess Noadiah and the rest of the prophets who have been trying to intimidate me.

Neh. 6:15 So the wall was completed on the twenty-fifth of Elul, in fifty-two days.

Neh. 6:16 When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and lost their self-confidence, because they realized that this work had been done with the help of our God.

Neh. 6:17 Also, in those days the nobles of Judah were sending many letters to Tobiah, and replies from Tobiah kept coming to them.

Neh. 6:18 For many in Judah were under oath to him, since he was son-in-law to Shecaniah son of Arah, and his son Jehohanan had married the daughter of Meshullam son of Berekiah.

Neh. 6:19 Moreover, they kept reporting to me his good deeds and then telling him what I said. And Tobiah sent letters to intimidate me.

Neh. 7:1 After the wall had been rebuilt and I had set the doors in place, the gatekeepers and the singers and the Levites were appointed.

Neh. 7:2 I put in charge of Jerusalem my brother Hanani, along with Hananiah the commander of the citadel, because he was a man of integrity and feared God more than most men do.

Neh. 7:3 I said to them, The gates of Jerusalem are not to be opened until the sun is hot. While the gatekeepers are still on duty, have them shut the doors and bar them. Also appoint residents of Jerusalem as guards, some at their posts and some near their own houses.

Neh. 7:4 Now the city was large and spacious, but there were few people in it, and the houses had not yet been rebuilt.

Neh. 7:5 So my God put it into my heart to assemble the nobles, the officials and the common people for registration by families. I found the genealogical record of those who had been the first to return. This is what I found written there…

But sheep and oxen and goats are not offered there, refers to the Egyptian ban against sacrificing rams in particular. The Egyptian god, Khnub, Khnum "also spelled Khnemu ancient Egyptian god of fertility, associated with water and with procreation. Khnum was worshiped from the 1st dynasty (c. 2925&150;2775 BC) into the early centuries AD. He was represented as a ram with horizontal, twisting horns or as a man with a rams head. Khnum was believed to have created humankind from clay like a potter; this scene, with him using a potters wheel, was depicted in later times. The gods first main cult centre was Herwer, near Al-Ashmunayn in Middle Egypt. From the New Kingdom (1539&150;1075 BC) on, however, he became the god of the island of Elephantine, near present-day Aswan, and was known as the lord of the surrounding First Cataract of the Nile River. At Elephantine he formed a triad of deities with the goddesses Satis and Anukis. Khnum also had an important cult at Esna, south of Thebes." [

(14) The Histories (440 B.C.), by Herodotus, edited by A. D. Godley, Several other sites have Herodotus online, such as the George Rawlinson translation:

(15) In Canaan and Rome certain temples were served by temple prostitutes. The Egyptians, as Herodtus claims, may have been unique in forbidding sex in any temple.

(16) It is interesting comparing the account of Genesis 50, concerning the embalming and burial of Jacob (Israel), to Herodotus account. The total period that the body is "mourned" is seventy days; then, when the seventy days of mourning were past, Joseph requested permission from the pharoah to return and bury the mummy of Jacob in Canaan. The actual period of the embalming may have been forty days. Herodotus may not have known this distinction.

(17) Clement (the disciple of St. Peter and fourth Bishop of Rome, 90-100 A.D. &150; following St. Peter, 62-67 A.D.; Linus, 67-78 A.D.; Cletus, 78-90 A.D. &150; spoke of the Phoenix in his First Epistle (a controversial portion of his epistle). In the year 1628 an ancient manuscript of the Greek Bible was presented to King Charles I by the Patriarch Cyril of Jerusalem. In addition to the books of the Old and New Testaments it contained two other documents, now called the Epistles of Clement. The epistles have great importance in terms of the development of the teachings of the early Christian church. This is what Clement wrote about the Phoenix. Since he lived in Alexandria, Egypt, his source may be directly from there, but we cannot rule out Herodotus as being the source.

1.XII.2 There is a certain bird called a Phoenix; of thise there is never but one at a time: and that lives five hundred years. And when the time of its dissolution draws near, that it must die, it makes itself a next of frankincense, and myrrh, and other spices into which when its time is fulfilled it enters and dies.

1.XII.3 But its flesh putrifying, breeds a certain worm, which being nourished with the juice of the dead bird brings forth feathers; and when it is grown to a perfect state, it takes up the nest in which the bones of its parents lie November 5, 2011, and carries it from Arabia into Egypt to a city called Heliopolis:

1.XII.4 And flying in open day in the sight of all men, lays it upon the altar of the sun, and so returns from whence it came.

1.XII.5 The priests then search into the records of the time; and find that it returned precisely at the end of five hundred years.

1.XII.6 And shall we then think it to be any very great and strange thing for the Lord of all to raise up those that religiously serve himin the assurance of a good faith, when even by a bird he shews us the greatness of his power to fulfill his promise?

for connections of people mentioned in the gospels and their relationship to him according to ancient church sources.

John 3:4 How can a man be born when he is old? Nicodemus asked. Surely he cannot enter a second time into his mothers womb to be born!

John 3:5 Jesus answered, I tell you the truth, no one can enter the kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit.

John 3:6 Flesh gives birth to flesh, but the Spirit gives birth to spirit.

John 3:7 You should not be surprised at my saying, You must be born again.

John 3:8 The wind blows wherever it pleases. You hear its sound, but you cannot tell where it comes from or where it is going. So it is with everyone born of the Spirit.

John 3:9 How can this be? Nicodemus asked.

John 3:10 You are Israels teacher, said Jesus, and do you not understand these things?

John 3:11 I tell you the truth, we speak of what we know, and we testify to what we have seen, but still you people do not accept our testimony.

John 3:12 I have spoken to you of earthly things and you do not believe; how then will you believe if I speak of heavenly things? John 3:13 No one has ever gone into heaven except the one who came from heaven &151;the Son of Man.

John 3:14 Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up,

John 3:15 that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life.

). For lack of any term, lets call that bird the Thunderbird. In the context it would be the symbol of the god of thunder, as Jupiter, Zeus, and Indra, or the Etruscan god Tinia. The Thunderbird, with one head or two, and sometimes as a raven, appears as the sign of the creation on a universal basis. The other universal sign of creation is the mother-goddess who sits upon a throne flanked by two lions or leopards, behind whom or associated with whom is a tree (Tree of Life) with a flowing stream at its base. In the Akkadian mythology and associated cylinder seals it is the god Enki who is the creator and from whom flows the rivers of life (usually shown with fish in the stream). Fish &150; among Indo-Europeans the Salmon &150; became symbols of eternal life. The cylindar seal of Enki, whose shoulders emanate water is an illustration of the combined creator-storm god:

The Eagle was a symblol of Rome, and it became of great controversy when king Herod (37 B.C. - 4 B.C.) erected the Roman eagle over the Golden Gate in Jerusalem, according to Josephus (a high priest of the temple and governor who had been captured by Vespasian during the Jewish Wars and witnessed the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 A.D.; he lived 37 A.D - ~100 A.D.). In his Antiquities of the Jews, Josephus tells us:

VI.3. And with such discourses as this did these men excite the young men to this action; and a report being come to them that the king was dead, this was an addition to the wiese mens persuasions, so, in the very middle of the day they got upon the place, they pulled down the eagle, and cut it into pieces with axes, while a great number of the people were in the Temple.

One of many American Indian myths on the Thunderbird and its involvement in the creation can be read at:

Josephus also tells us from a letter of Areus, King of the Lacedemonians, to Onais (Book XII.IV.10) that the Lacedemonians and the Jews were of one stock and identifies his letter to Onais which he describes, "is four square; and the seal is an eagle, with a dragon in his claws." Of interst here is the fact that Herodotus compared the Lacedaemonians with the Egyptians (He also says that the people of Colchis had a language, customs, and mode of dress that was identical to the Egyptians:

2.LXXX. There is a custom, too, which no Greeks except the Lacedaemonians have in common with the Egyptians: younger men, encountering their elders, yield the way and stand aside, and rise from their seats for them when they approach. [2] But they are like none of the Greeks in this: passers-by do not address each other, but salute by lowering the hand to the knee.

2.LXXXI. They wear linen tunics with fringes hanging about the legs, called calasiris, and loose white woolen mantles over these. But nothing woolen is brought into temples, or buried with them: that is impious. [2] They agree in this with practices called Orphic and Bacchic, but in fact Egyptian and Pythagorean: for it is impious, too, for one partaking of these rites to be buried in woolen wrappings. There is a sacred legend about this.

2.LXXXIII. As to the art of divination among them, it belongs to no man, but to some of the gods; there are in their country oracles of Heracles, Apollo, Athena, Artemis, Ares, and Zeus, and of Leto (the most honored of all) in the town of Buto. Nevertheless, they have several ways of divination, not just one.

It is probable that the name of Leto belongs to the same class of words as the Greek lêthê and the lateo, as typifying night. Leto would therefore signify the obscure or concealed, not as a physical power, but as a divinity yet quiescent and invisible, from whom issued the visible divinity with all his splendour and brilliancy. This view is supported by the account of her genealogy [p. 939] given by Hesiod. (See Preller, Röm. Myth. i. 190; Lang, Myth, Ritual, etc., ii. 199.) From their mother Apollo is frequently Letoïus or Latoïus, and Artemis (Diana), Letoïa, Letoïs, Latoïs, or Latoë." [dictionary:

, based on a reconciliation of the Turin papyrus and Manetho. Those dates reflect Manethos calculations. The discrepancy between the Turin papyrus and Manetho is ~258-276 years.

II 5247

III 4945

IV 4731

V 4454

VI 4206

VII 4003

VIII 3933

IX 3787

X 3687

XI 3502

XII 3459

XIV 2793

XV 2533

XVI 2249

XVII 1731

XIX 1322

XX 1202

XXI 1102

XXII 952

XXIII 755

XXIV 721

Horus Aha &150; aka Meni (Menes)

Horus Djer &150; aka Iti

Horus Wadji &150;aka Iterti

Horus Dewen &150; aka Khasti

Horus Anedjib &150; aka Merpibia

Horus Semerkhet &150; aka Irynetjer

Horus Qaa &150; aka Qaa

Horus Senefrka

II (Thinite) 2905-2755

III (Memphite &150; start of Old Kingdom) 2755-2680

IV (Memphite) 2680-2544

V (Memphite) 2544-2407

VI (Memphite) 2407-2255

VII, VIII (Memphite) 2255-2235

IX, X (Heracleopolitan) 2235-2035

XI (Theban) 2134-1991

XII (Theban) 1991-1786

XIII (Theban) 1786-1668

XIV (Xoite) 1720-1665

XV (Hyksos) 1668-1560

XVI (Hyksos) 1665-1565

XVII (Theban) 1668-1570

XVIII (Theban) 1570-1293

XIX (Theban) 1293-1185

1293-1291 Menpehtyre Ramesses I

1291-1279 Menmare Seti I (son)

1279-1212 Usermare Ramesses II (son)

1212-1202 Baenre Merenptah (son)

1202-1199 Menmire Amenmesses (brother?)

1199-1193 Userkheprure Seti II (sonof Merenptah)

1193-1187 Akhenre Merenptah-Siptah (son?)

1193-1185 Sitre-meryetamun Tawosrer (widow,Seti II)

XX (Theban) 1185-1070

1185-1182 Userkhaure Setnakht

1182-1151 Usermare Ramesses III (son)

1151-1145 Heqamare Ramesses IV (son)

1145-1141 Usermare Ramesses V (son)

1141-1133 Nebmare Ramesses VI (son of Ramesses III)

1133-1127 Usermare-meryamun Ramesses VII

1127-1126 Usermare-akhenamun Ramesses VIII

1126-1108 Neferkare Ramesses IX

1108-1098 Khepermare Ramesses X

1098-1070 Menmare Ramesses XI

XXI (Tanite) 1070-946

1070-1044 Hedjkheperre Smendes

1044-1040 Neferkare Amenemnisu

1040-992 Akheperre Psusennes I

994-985 Usermare Amenemope

985-979 Akheperre Osochor

979-960 Nutekheperre Siamun

960-946 Tyetkheprure Psusennes II

(High Priests of amon at Thebes)

1070-1055 Pinudjem I

1055-1047 Masahart (son)

1047-1046 Djedkhonsefankh (brother)

1046-993 Menkheperre (brother)

993-991 Smendes (son)

946-913 Hedjkheperre Shoshenq I

916-904 Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I (son)

?-904 Heqakheperre Shoshenq II (son)

904-8890 Usermare (?) Takelot I (brother)

890-860 Usermare Osorkon II (son)

835-783 Usermare Shoshenq III

783-773 Usermare Pami

773-735 Akheperre Shoshenq V (son)

735-712 Akheperre Osorkon IV (son?)

XXIII (Tanite) 828-720

828-803 Usermare Pedubast

803-797 Usermare Shoshenq IV

797-769 Usermare Osorkon III

774-767 Usermare Takelot III (son)

767-795 Usermare Amenrud (brother)

814-790 Yuput I (at Leontopolis)

789-746 unknown

745-712 Wahkare Bakenranef

XXIV (Saite) 740-712

740-718 Shepsesre Tefnakht

718-712 Wahkare Bakenranef

XXV (Nubian) 767-656

767-753 Nymare Kashta

753-713 Seneferre Piye (son)

713-698 Neferkare Shabako (brother)

701-690 Djedkaure Shebirku (son of Piye)

690-664 Khunefertemre Taharqa (brother)

664-656 Bakare Tanwetamani (son of Shebitku)

XXVI (Saite) 664-525

664-610 Wahibre Psamtik I

610-595 Wehemibre Necho (son)

595-589 Neferibre Psamtik II (son)

589-570 Haiabre Wahibre (son)

570-526 Khnemibre Ahmose II

526-525 Ankhkaenre Psamtik III (son)

XXVII (Persian Kings) 525-405

XXVIII (Saite) 405-399

405-399 Amyrtaeus

XXIX (Mendesian) 399-380

399-393 Baenre Nepherites I

393 Userre Psammuthis

393-380 Khnemmare Hagor

380 Nepherites II (son)

XXX (Sebennytic) 380-343

380-362 Kheperkare Nectanebo I

365-360 Irmaenre Djehor (son)

360-343 Senedjemibre Nectanebo II (nephew)

XXXI (Persian Kings, Achaemenids) 343-332

Macedonian conquest 332 B.C.

Kingdom of Lydia (Mermnad Dynasty)

645-624 Ardys (son)

624-610 Sadyattes (son)

610-560 Alyattes (son)

560-547 Croesus (son; conquest of Lydia by Cyrus the Great c. 547 B.C.)

D

Hatrtushili I (sisters son)

?-1590 Murshili I (grandson)

1590? Hanatili I (sisters husband)

Zidanta I (son-in-law)

Ammuna (son)

Huzziya I (son?)

Telipinu (sisters husband)

1525 Alluwamna (son-in-law)

Hantili II (?)

Zidanta II (?)

Huzziya II (?)

1430-1406 Tudhaliya I

1410-1386 Arnuwanda I (son)

1385-1381 Tudhaliya II (son)

1380-1358 Hattushili II (brother)

1357-1323 Shuppiluliuma I (son)

13322 Arnuwanda II (son)

1321-1297 Murshili II (brother)

1296-1271 Muwatalli (son)

1270-1264 Murshili III (son)

1263-1245 Hattushili III (son of Murshili II)

1244-1220 Tudhaliya III (son)

1219-1218 Arnuwanda III (son)

1217-1200 Shuppiluliuma II (brother)

~1200 Hittite Kingdom destroyed.

529-522 Cambyses (son)

522 Smerdis aka Bardiya (brother)

521-486 Darius I, the Great (fifth in descent from Achaemenes)

485-465 Xerxes I (son)

464-424 Artaxerxes I, Longimanus (son)

424 Xerxes II (son)

424 Sogdianus (brother)

423-505 Darius II, Nothus (brother)

404-359 Artaxserxes II, Mnemon (son)

358-338 Artaxerxes III aka Ochus (son)

337-336 Arses (son)

335-330 Darius III aka Codomannus, (great-grandson of Darius II; Macedonian conquest of the Persian empire 330)

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BiblePlaces

There was some news this month regarding the Qeiyafa Ostracon.&160; Ipreviously posted the new reading by Gershon Galil.&160; That was criticized by some, including Christopher Rollston who has somegood thoughts on his blog.&160; The Khirbet Qeiyafa team has attacked Galil in an open letter forethical concerns as well as problems of scholarship and scientific methodology.

Gordon Govierinterviewed a number of scholars about the ostracon in an article for Christianity Today. Govieralso interviewed Seth Sanders and Chris Rollston for the radio program, The Book and the Spade (alsoonline temporarily as 1210 and 1211).

The Mormon Times has an article thatsummarizes the latest, with input from BYU professor Jeffrey R. Chadwick.

The Khirbet Qeiyafa website has been updated with new photographs and drawings of theostracon (and page twohere).

An article has just been published (andposted online in pdf format) in PalArchs Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology by Gregory Bearman & William A. Christens-Barry entitled Spectral Imaging of Ostraca. The article includes several photos of the Qeiyafa Ostracon.

I continue to catch up on stories from earlier this month.

A building from the Neolithic period has beendiscovered in Tel Aviv.

Scholars in the British Museum discovered a couple of fragmentssimilar to the Cyrus Cylinder in their collection.&160; Iran is upset that this will delay the promised loan of the artifact.

Abu Gosh decided it wanted to take the world record for thelargest hummus dish ever made.&160; I drove by the restaurant a day after the big event and thus missed the opportunity to sample part of the 8,000 pounds of hummus, but I did see the satellite receiver in which the dish was served.

If youre looking for a more academic trip of Turkey, Id recommend thisBAS tour led by Mark Wilson.

The sad state of the Sanhedrin Tombs in Jerusalem is reported in an article in Haaretz.

One of the items on my list for this blog was some new photos of the renovations at Jaffa Gate.&160; Tom Powers has beat me to it, however, and done a much better job.&160; He has a number of high-resolution photographs, along with explanations of what youre seeing (as best as can be determined by an outsider).&160; I have heard through the grapevine that the archaeologists uncovered both ancient and modern aqueducts as well.&160; This makes sense given the location of Jaffa Gate and the nearby presence of the Towers/Hezekiahs Pool.

Readthe post on his Tomsnew blog and subscribe to future posts using theRSS feed.

360 degree views in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher if you didnt want to stand in the long line to enter the tomb, this gives you a perfect view without the crowds, noise, or fragrances.

360 degree views in the Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa Mosque if youre not Muslim, you cant stand in a line long enough.&160; One other 360 degree view is theWestern Wall, but these photos are less unique.&160; The entry point to all three sites ishere.

Line to enter tomb at Church of Holy Sepulcher, earlier this month. One tour guide estimated the wait time to be two hours.

Ynetnews has a story onrenovations of Davids Tomb on Mount Zion.

Leen Ritmeyers recent lecture on how he identified thelocation of Solomons Temple is recounted in a story in the Baptist Press.

A sarcophagus cover with a Medusa decoration is the now on display at Caesarea.&160; The IAApress release (temporary link) also has some high-resolution images (direct link).

Ahoard of 1,300 silver coins apparently from the Hellenistic period have been discovered in Rafah in the Gaza Strip, announced the Hamas-run ministry of tourism and antiquities.

TheMuseum of Tolerance to be built in the Mamilla neighborhood of Jerusalem will be half the size of the original plan because of reduced sources of funding.&160; Plaintiffs who filed suit against the construction have lost their case and been fined by the court.

Ive had little time this month for noting the latest stories.&160; As time permits, Ill continue to try to catch up.

HT: Joe Lauer andPaleojudaica

Ive recommended Glo before, and I see that its available for a few days (until 1/28) for only $40 fromRejoice Software (click buy now to see lower price).&160; Thats quite a bit cheaper than Ive seen it before.&160; The email announcement I received claims that Zondervan has raised the retail price to $90.

You can learn more about this multimedia Bible programhere.

(Disclosure: about half of the photographs in the product are mine, but I dont benefit from the sales.)

Minister of Agriculture Shalom Simchon has announced a ban on all fishing in the Sea of Galilee (Kinneret) for two years. The ban also extends to the part of the Jordan River that empties into the Sea of Galilee, and to all the other rivers that empty into the famous lake.

The authority to ban fishing is within the Minister of Agricultures authority according to the official Fishing Order, and the ban is set to take effect on March 1, 2010, extending until February 28, 2012. Minister Simchon has asked the Finance Ministry to allot NIS 15 million for enforcing the ban and compensating the fishermen who will be hurt by it.

Simchon explained that according to Agriculture Ministry statistics, the quantity of fish in the Sea of Galilee has plummeted in the past decade, and especially in the last two years, by tens of percentage points annually. It has now reached&160; a critical level, he said, and these statistics mean that the sea may be facing an ecological disaster in which all its fish would die out.

Fishing boats on Sea of Galilee, early 1900s

This photo is from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-07411).

The worlds oldest Jewish cemetery just went online.

A new project undertaken by the City of David archeological Park, located south of Jerusalems Old City and at the foot of the Mount of Olives cemetery, has begun the process of identifying and documenting tombstones throughout the entirety of the Mount of Olives and uploading the data to the Web.

Tens of thousands of graves on the mount have already been mapped and incorporated into a database, in the first-ever attempt to restore the graves and record the history of those who were buried there. The project includes the creation of a Web site ( that aims to raise awareness of the City of David and to honor the memory of those buried in the cemetery, as well as to inform about the tours and activities available.

Additionally, the Web site tells stories of the people buried in the cemetery and, through a simple search window, one can locate the documented graves by name.

"We hope that this Web site will give people all over the world the opportunity to remove the dust of generations from the graves of their loved ones, and to both restore and reveal the stories buried underground," Udi Ragones, the public relations director for the project, told The Jerusalem Post on Thursday.

"Theres so much history there, so many stories, that this project is fascinating both from a personal perspective as well as an historical one," he said.

While more than 20,000 gravestones have already been documented, organizers estimate that there are between 200,000 and 300,000 in the cemetery, which leaves an enormous amount of work left to be done.

The already documented graves include those of the reviver of the Hebrew language, Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Nobel Prize for Literature laureate Shai Agnon, former prime minister Menachem Begin, Hadassah Womens Organization founder Henrietta Szold, founder of the Bezalel Art School Boris Schatz, Chaim ben Moses ibn Attar, also known as the Ohr ha-Chaim after his popular commentary on the Torah, and Rabbi Avraham Yitzhak Kook, the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of the British Mandate.

Jewish ceremony in cemetery on Mount of Olives, early 1900s

This photo is taken from the Jerusalem volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-06376).

This editorial atYnetnews gives one sides perspective on how the Western Wall prayer plaza came to be controlled by the ultra-orthodox.

Heres a snippet:

But then, for the first time in its history, iron barricades were placed in the forward part of the plaza, close to the Kotel itself. This was the first mehitzah, the first separation between men and women, in the history of the Kotel. There had already been such attempts in the past. At the end of Turkish rule and under the British Mandate attempts had been made to separate between the sexes in the area next to the Kotel, but they failed. During most of those years when Jews had access to the Western Wall and during those years when they did not, there was never a mehitzah at the Kotel. But now a mehitzah was put up, which put aside most of the area – and the best part thereof – for the use of the men; barricades were put up to mark the entrances; and ushers were placed to assure the separation and to distribute paper kippot to those men who wished to approach the Kotel itself.

[...]

The escalation of more recent years is due particularly to Rabbi Shmuel Rabinowitz, known as the Rabbi of the Kotel. He did not invent anything, but he perfected the system: swearing-in ceremonies of the IDF became fewer and further between; an attempt was made to separate the sexes at the ceremony in which new immigrants received their identity cards; signs calling for modesty were posted in every corner; Israeli flags suddenly disappeared (and meanwhile were returned). Most of world Jewry is not Orthodox, but the rabbi of the holiest place in the world to the Jewish people is Orthodox – and not just ordinary Orthodox, but Haredi.

&160; Jews praying at Western Wall, early 1900s

Source:The American Colony and Eric Matson Collection: Jerusalem

For the past two and a half months, Tania Treiger, a conservator with the Israel Antiquities Authority, has been pouring over a piece of parchment about 20 centimeters square. It began with a microscopic examination of the fragment to gauge its condition, rs2gold and continued with the placement of special paper over the writing to very slowly remove the circa 1970s adhesive tape.

Treiger, whose tools include Q-tips, tweezers and lots of patience, is one of four "guardians" of the Dead Sea Scrolls. These four women, all from the former Soviet Union, are the only people in the world permitted to touch the scrolls.

The first of the Dead Sea Scrolls, among the most important archaeological finds in the world, were discovered in the mid-1940s in the Dead Sea area, and have been making headlines ever since. This week, the Hebrew daily Maariv reported that the IAA had decided to stop sending the scrolls abroad to exhibitions for fear of legal complications, after the Jordanian government demanded that Israel return scrolls to Jordan. In 1967 the Jordanians tried to remove the scrolls from the Rockefeller Museum in East Jerusalem to Jordan, but Israel took East Jerusalem before that could happen and found the scrolls in the museum storerooms.

[...]

The scrolls, dating from about 300 BCE to 70 CE, survived amazingly well in the dry conditions of the caves of Qumran, on the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea. The first scroll scholars, an international consortium of eight researchers, tried to piece together the fragments as best they could. "They were geniuses who did amazing work, but they were not aware of the physical needs of the material," Shor says.

Using adhesive tape, they stuck together what they believed to be related fragments and laid them between two pieces of glass. The scholars created a total of 1276 such plates. But adhesive tape, an amazing invention in the 1950s, became a conservation catastrophe for the scrolls. The chemicals in the adhesive ate into the organic material, stained it and wiped out letters. Later scholars also did damage. In the 1970s, they began to piece together fragments using rice paper and plastic material, which caused additional damage. Luckily, this process was halted and most of the fragments remained within the glass plates.

[...]

The digitalizing of the scrolls, under preparation for three years, is to begin in about six months. The project, whose cost is estimated at more than $5 million, will use special photographic techniques, including infrared and full-spectrum photography, which are also expected to reveal hidden letters. The intent of the project, which will take five years, is to place everything on the Internet so scholars around the world can take part in the greatest puzzle of all – piecing together tens of thousands of fragments of some 900 different compositions.

There are a number of lectures here that look very good.&160; FromJSOnline:

The Milwaukee Public Museum and Mount Mary College are both holding lectures in connection with the museums "Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible" exhibit opening Friday.

The museums 11-lecture series features an international panel of speakers covering different facets of the exhibition, from the scrolls application to the understanding of modern biblical texts to discoveries revealed through new technologies.

Individual lectures at the museum cost $25, $20 for members. To purchase seats for individual lectures, call (414) 223-4676 or register online at To purchase seats for a four- or six-lecture series, call (414) 223-4676.

The museums lectures:

• "An Introduction to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Bringing the Dead Sea Scrolls Back to Life: The Use of Imaging Technologies to Reclaim Ancient Texts." Weston Fields, Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation, and Bruce Zuckerman, University of Southern California. 2 p.m. Saturday and 2 p.m. Sunday. [Jan 22-23]

• "The Three Favorite Books at Qumran and the Biblical Text." Peter Flint, Canada Research Chair in Dead Sea Scrolls Studies, Trinity Western University. 7:30 p.m. Feb. 4.

• "The Ever-Alive Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Significance for Understanding the Bible, Early Judaism, and the Birth of Christianity." Shalom Paul, Hebrew University. 5:30 and 7:30 p.m. Feb.18.

• "Israel at the Time of the Dead Sea Scrolls." Larry Schiffman, Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University. 7:30 p.m. March 4.

• "The Archaeology of Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls." Jodi Magness, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. 7:30 p.m. March 18.

• "The Stories of the Milwaukee Public Museum Dead Sea Scrolls." Marty Abegg, director, Dead Sea Scrolls Institute,Comments 1,108. Trinity Western University. 7:30 p.m. March 25.

• "God Among the Gods: Divine Plurality in the Quran in the Light of Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Mythic Tradition." Wesley Williams, Michigan State University. 7:30 p.m. April 15.

• "In Search of the Holy Grail: How Much Difference Would It Make If We Found the Original Handwritten Copies of New Testament Books?" Brent Sandy, Grace College. 7:30 p.m. April 29.

• "The Scriptures and Their Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls." Andrew Teeter, Harvard University. 7:30 p.m. May 6.

• "The Scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls." Emanuel Tov, Hebrew University. 5:30, 7:30 p.m. May 27Advanced Insect Ostracon.

• "The Dead Sea Scrolls and Current Bible Translations." Deirdre Dempsey, Marquette University. 7:30 p.m. June 3.

Meanwhile, Mount Mary will present "The Dead Sea Scrolls 101: An Evening of Introduction" at 7 p.m. Feb 4 at 2900 N. Menomonee River Parkway. The lecture will be presented by Donald Rappe, associate professor at the colleges department of theology, and Helga Kisler, an adjunct theology instructor at Mount Mary.&160;

HT: Joe Lauer

Dr. Zvi Greenhut, Deputy Director of Survey & Excavations, Israel Antiquities Authority is interviewed onArutz-7 Radio about his excavations of Moza (Emmaus?).&160; A summary of his Iron Age finds is given at theIAA website.

Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas has purchasedthree fragments of Dead Sea Scrolls, with verses from Exodus, Leviticus, and Daniel.

The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel lists93 threats to open spaces in their annual report, with the largest number falling in the north.

Richard Jones of Lee University will give a lecture entitled Biblical Archaeology on the Karak Plateau, Jordan on Jan. 23 at 10:30 at the Museum Center at Five Points in Cleveland, Tennessee.

Professor Emeritus Abraham Mat of the Hebrew University passed away today at the age of 87.

HT: Joe Lauer and theYehuda Group

In a display of what might be called ironic chutzpah, burglars broke into an Ashdod museum this week and stole silver coins from the Hellenistic period and other archaeological finds that were part of an exhibit called "Antiquities Thieves in Israel."

The exhibit, at the Korin Maman Museum, displayed artifacts that the Israel Antiquities Authority had previously recovered from antiquities thieves. Now it seems the authority will have to begin its hunt all over again.

The burglars neutralized the alarm system Tuesday night and stole a bronze spear, two gold earrings, some pottery and the silver coins, which feature the image of Alexander the Great.

"Its one of the weirdest things that ever happened here," said a museum employee. "Someone actually went and stole the robbers display."

In the winter of 2003, Saar Kfir, director of the Qasr al-Yahud site rsgold , stood not far from the swelling Jordan River. It was indeed beautiful, but the rising waters caused considerable damage to the comprehensive plan for upgrading and expanding the site, located east of the town of Jericho, where John the Baptist is said to have baptized Jesus. The project, which was originally approved in advance of the millennium celebrations – and was delayed because of the intifada and, later, by the 2003 floods – is now in its final phases.

When it is completed, hopefully before Passover, it will be possible for pilgrims to visit the third-most-important Christian site in Israel at their convenience: any day of the week, without advance coordination and without a military escort, as were necessary in the past.

Qasr al-Yahud, or "the Jews fortress" (a corruption of the Arabic meaning, "the Jews break"), is traditionally the place where the Israelites crossed over (that is, "broke") the Jordan River and where Elijah the Prophet ascended to heaven, as well as where Jesus was baptized.

On January 18 and 19, the Orthodox Churches will celebrate Epiphany at the site, marking the "revelation" of Jesus to the three kings from the East. "This is one of the only authentic celebrations that remain in this country," says Udi Izak, director of the school system in the Megillot regional council, in the Dead Sea region.

Epiphany celebration at Jordan River, early 1900s

This photo is taken from theSouthern Palestine volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-06788).

KUFR KANA, Israel In this small Galilee town where tradition says Jesus turned water to wine, an ambitious priest hopes to perform his own miracle revive a shrinking flock.

Father Masoud Abu Hatoum, nicknamed "the bulldozer" for his enthusiasm, has come up with a few ideas, like re-enacting the New Testament story of Jesus transforming the water for guests at a wedding in the Galilee hamlet of Cana, now this northern Israeli town of Kufr Kana.

"We have to attract people," said Abu Hatoum, who looks as much rock star as priest with his trim beard and large wrap-around sunglasses.

But he will have a tough time slowing the hemorrhage of Christians from this bleak, economically depressed town, as the young move away to cities like nearby Nazareth, which offer bigger Christian communities, more jobs and better marriage prospects.

"Our youths leave the village, they tell us: We dont want to die here. We get old, and they leave," said 65-year-old Said Saffouri, a parishioner whose two sons have moved out of town.

Migration and low birth rates have diminished Christian populations across the Middle East. Israels community of 123,000 Arab Christians is one of the few in the region whose numbers have held steady it grew slightly by 2,000 in 2009. But it does face a problem of rural flight to big cities, which leaves traditional small Christian towns like Kufr Kana to waste away.

Kufr Kana was entirely Christian at the beginning of the 20th century, but Muslims began settling in the village first as traders, and then as refugees fleeing fighting during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, locals said. Now the village is home to 16,000 Muslims and 4,000 Christians.

The story continueshere.&160; The Cana where Jesus changed water into wine is more likely at Khirbet Kana.&160; For an analysis of the options, seethis chapter from the dissertation of J. Carl Laney.

Women with water jars, early 1900s

Water is generally brought from the fountain, or cistern, in skin bottles, which the women carry on their backs, and a rope holding this in position passes round the forehead. If, however, they have no skin bottles, known as kirby, they have big earthenware jars, which they carry on their heads.&160; –Philip Baldensperger, Women in the East, Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (1900): 173.

A great part of their lives seems to be spent in going to and fro between the tent and the spring. –C. R. Conder, Tent Work in Palestine (1878) 2: 284.

The photo and quotations are taken from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-00063).

Many roads in the South were closed down following floods and a storm which has been raging since Sunday night.

Four tourists became trapped in their car in Arava Monday due to intense flooding.

Rescue units, including a helicopter, were working to evacuate them from the vehicle.

Route 90, leading from the Dead Sea hotels to the Center, Route 40 and Route 211 in the Negev were closed for traffic. The Nitzana Bridge collapsed due to heavy rainfalls.

The Nitzana, Tzin AOC Class, Revivim Besor Haroeh and Beersheba streams were overflowing.

A vehicle drifted away near the Revivim quarry and was still being sought on Monday morning. Two trucks with three travelers were swept into the Paran stream near Eilat and the travelers needed assistance from the local rescue unit and IDF helicopters.

All schools in the Ramat Hanegev Local Council were closed because of the floods. Schools in Kadesh Barnea, Ezuz, Kmehin, Nitzana, Revivim, Mashabe Sadeh, Telalim and Retamim were closed.

Significant downpours swept the land, especially in the Negev and northern Negev, where 49 millimeters were registered during the night.

This reminds one of Psalm 126:4: Restore our fortunes, O LORD, like streams in the Negev.

UPDATE:Arutz-7 reports:

One tourist was killed in the Arava area north of Eilat Monday morning when he and two friends tried to drive their jeep through a raging river bed, buy runescape powered by rare heavy rainfall. The roaring stream crushed the vehicle against rocks, and army helicopters manage to rescue two accompanying tourists. It was not known if they are from Israel or from outside the country.

Earlier on Monday, IDF helicopter rescue crews saved three people trapped in two trucks in flash floods in the central Negev and others near Eilat as the torrential but badly needed winter rains head north.

More than one inch of rain fell in Eilat, more than the normal rainfall for several years, and schools were closed throughout the region. Eilat also suffered electricity blackouts….

Nearly two inches of rain flooded Beer Sheva, where a raging river bed was filled with water for the first time in years.

&160;Camel caravan on Mount of Olives, 1925-46

The camels of loaded caravans are usually fastened one behind another in single file, and thus make one deep track or footpath; but in the Haj and in a small party like ours, they are left to choose their own way, and seldom follow each other in line; so that many parallel tracks are thus formed –Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petrea (1841): 1:60.

The first time I came up this road from Jaffa, many years ago, midway between Upper Beth-horon and el Jîb, in the narrowest and most difficult part of the pass I encountered a long and straggling drove of camelsmore than five hundredwhich Ibrahim Pasha had bought from the Arabs east of the Jordan, in order to transport provisions and war material for his army. Though I have since seen many thousand camels in one caravan of the Wuld Alysome said fifty thousandthat sight did not affect my imagination to an equal degree. Those five hundred loose camels, with their Bedawin drivers shouting to them at the top of their voices, came lunging and plunging down the rocky path in wild confusion; and my terrified horse becoming quite unmanageable, rushed away amongst the rocks, to the no slight danger of breaking his own neck and that of his rider –William M. Thomson, The Land and the Book (1882): 2:73.

The photo and quotations are taken from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-04570).

My home is decorated with photos from the Middle East, arranged by geographical region or theme.&160; One of the photos my wife chose to put in the laundry area is this one.

Date of Photograph: Early 1900s

Dirty clothes are generally carried to the nearest running water; sometimes this is far from the village, and where there are only wells, water must be drawn; but seldom are things washed with warm water –Philip Baldensperger,gaia Grand D. Women in the East, Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (1901): 75.

The photo and quotation are taken from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-05312).

Threshing floor, early 1900s

The threshing-floor is a flat place in the neighbourhood of the village. If possible,Moon Hammer. a rocky place is chosen, so that it may be easily swept. Where this is not obtainable Time to pack it in to see rolling ThunderWolves, a hard, flat piece of ground is made to answer the purpose. The floor is common property, but each thresher keeps to a certain part of it. For four months the Fellah has nothing to fear from rain or bad weather. During that time he almost lives at the beiyâdir (threshing-floor) and some of the villages are nearly deserted, at least by the men. The wheat, &c., is spread out, and the oxen and asses are driven round so many hours a-day to tread out the grain with their hoofs, at the same time treading and softening the straw so that it becomes fit for fodder. This straw is called tibn, bundles of ordinary straw and stubble they call kash. The animals as a rule are not muzzled –F. A. Klein, Life, Habits and Customs of the Fellahin of Palestine, Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (1883): 41-48.

Do you suppose that these floors which we see at Yebna and elsewhere resemble those so celebrated in ancient times? They have, perhaps, changed less than almost anything else in the country. Every agricultural village and town in the land has them, and many of them are more ancient than the places whose inhabitants now use them. They have been just where they are, and exactly as they were, from a period to which the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. –William M. Thomson, The Land and the Book (1880): 1:149-51.

The photo and quotations are taken from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-10182).

A breakthrough in the research of the Hebrew scriptures has shed new light on the period in which the Bible was written. Prof. Gershon Galil of the Department of Biblical Studies at the University of Haifa has deciphered an inscription dating from the 10th century BCE (the period of King Davids reign), and has shown that this is a Hebrew inscription. The discovery makes this the earliest known Hebrew writing. The significance of this breakthrough relates to the fact that at least some of the biblical scriptures were composed hundreds of years before the dates presented today in research and that the Kingdom of Israel already existed at that time.

The inscription itself, which was written in ink on a 15 cm X 16.5 cm trapezoid pottery shard, was discovered a year and a half ago at excavations that were carried out by Prof. Yosef Garfinkel at Khirbet Qeiyafa near the Elah valley. The inscription was dated back to the 10th century BCE, which was the period of King Davids reign, but the question of the language used in this inscription remained unanswered,New Statesman. making it impossible to prove whether it was in fact Hebrew or another local language.

Prof. Galils deciphering of the ancient writing testifies to its being Hebrew, based on the use of verbs particular to the Hebrew language, and content specific to Hebrew culture and not adopted by any other cultures in the region. "This text is a social statement, relating to slaves, widows and orphans. It uses verbs that were characteristic of Hebrew, such as asah ("did") and avad ("worked"), which were rarely used in other regional languages. Particular words that appear in the text, such as almanah ("widow") are specific to Hebrew and are written differently in other local languages. The content itself was also unfamiliar to all the cultures in the region besides the Hebrew society: The present inscription provides social elements similar to those found in the biblical prophecies and very different from prophecies written by other cultures postulating glorification of the gods and taking care of their physical needs," Prof. Galil explains.

He adds that once this deciphering is received, the inscription will become the earliest Hebrew inscription to be found, testifying to Hebrew writing abilities as early as the 10th century BCE. This stands opposed to the dating of the composition of the Bible in current research, which would not have recognized the possibility that the Bible or parts of it could have been written during this ancient period.

Prof. Galil also notes that the inscription was discovered in a provincial town in Judea. He explains that if there were scribes in the periphery, it can be assumed that those inhabiting the central region and Jerusalem were even more proficient writers. "It can now be maintained that it was highly reasonable that during the 10th century BCE, during the reign of King David, there were scribes in Israel who were able to write literary texts and complex historiographies such as the books of Judges and Samuel." He adds that the complexity of the text discovered in Khirbet Qeiyafa, along with the impressive fortifications revealed at the site Hiller perd avec son nouveau casque, refute the claims denying the existence of the Kingdom of Israel at that time.

The contents of the text express social sensitivity to the fragile position of weaker members of society. The inscription testifies to the presence of strangers within the Israeli society as far back as this ancient period, and calls to provide support for these strangers. It appeals to care for the widows and orphans and that the king who at that time had the responsibility of curbing social inequality – be involved. This inscription is similar in its content to biblical scriptures (Isaiah 1:17, Psalms 72:3, Exodus 23:3, and others), but it is clear that it is not copied from any biblical text.

English translation of the deciphered text:

1 you shall not do [it], but worship the [Lord].

2 Judge the sla[ve] and the wid[ow] / Judge the orph[an]

3 [and] the stranger. [Pl]ead for the infant / plead for the po[or and]

4 the widow. Rehabilitate [the poor] at the hands of the king.

5 Protect the po[or and] the slave / [supp]ort the stranger.

Native village in early 1900s

The most important and most frequented portion of the house next to the reception-room is the roof. The roof is made in various ways. Mr. Haddad speaks of a common way in Syria, to lay beams across from one side to the other of the walls, then a mat of reeds on the top of these beams cheapest world of warcraft gold , then some bushes of a thorn, and finally, a coating of clay or earth, and scatter sand and pebbles on the top of the earth, then they roll it with a roller of stone, to make it compact, so that the rain will not run through. Sometimes a little space three or four feet square is cut in the roof, with separate pieces, made like the rest of the roof, or covered with mat or tiling, which can be taken up when desired. It might have been such a place in the roof that was used in letting down the paralytic on his rug or quilt, which would be the only bed an Oriental in such condition would be likely to have.

These roofs are flat, and the terraces or parapets around them are low,NV chu vang` cap 105. and made of dried bricks, or stone, just like the wall. If a higher terrace is required, it is made of lattice-work to screen the women of the household. In summer the people of Palestine, Egypt, and Mesopotamia usually sleep upon the housetops. The servants sleep on bedding or the ground in the court below. The very poor people often sleep in the streets, the open squares, the market-places, and courts, rolling themselves in a coverlet, a rug, or their outer garments, and screening their faces.

Many occupations are carried on upon the roof. Here the wheat is washed and spread to dry, the flax is prepared, and vegetables and fruits to be stored in winter; wool and cotton when washed is spread out upon the roof, clothes are hung there to be dried; as now, so has it been of old –Edwin Wilbur Rice, Orientalism in Bible Lands (1910): 249.

The photo and quotation are taken from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-06851).

Chasing locusts, 1915

John Whiting described the capture of locusts in Jerusalems Locust Plague, published in National Geographic in 1915:

The fighters now made two long lines, one on each side of the trap. To noise and racket the locusts seemed only to turn a deaf ear; but a large flagthe darker the betterwith which to cast a deep shadow upon the ground, proved to be the most formidable tool one could employ to make them move in the desired direction; in fact, countless numbers could thus be guided and held in check if one but anticipated the general direction they wished to go.

In their path was sunk a bottomless box, the inside lined with shining tin, up which the locusts could not crawl, while on each side a wing was provided, similarly prepared with a smooth metal face, with the object of directing them into the box.

Once, however, they made in the right direction, they jumped, hundreds at a time, into this death trap. . . . Thus in about an hours time four large sacks full were caught and destroyed each containing no less than 100,000 of these insects (535-36).

Locusts crawling on overseers trousers, 1930

Whenever touched, or especially when finding themselves caught within ones clothes, they exuded from their mouth a dark fluid, an irritant to the skin and soiling the garments in a most disgusting manner. Imagine the feeling (we speak from experience) with a dozen or two such creatures over an inch long, with sawlike legs and rough bodies, making a race-course of your back! (533).

The photos and quotations are taken from an extraordinary collection of 80 photographs of locust plagues that occurred in Palestine in the early 1900s, now published on the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-01912 and LC-matpc-02938).

Bridal procession, early 1900s

The principal ceremonies with wedding are the processions of the bride and bridegroom through the street, accompanied by their friends. The procession of the dower is also accompanied by a band of women, singing, clapping the hands, and uttering shrill cries; but the brides fortune among the peasantry is necessarily small, and, as in Italy, a single chest on a mule conveys the whole trousseau –C. R. Conder, Tent Work in Palestine (1878): 2:249.

The photo and quotation are taken from the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-01300).

Shepherd with flock at Ein Farah (Perat), early 1900s

The shepherd goes before, to see that the way is practicable and safe. He is armed in order to defend his charge, and in that he is very courageous. Many adventures with wild beasts occur not unlike that recounted by David; and though there are no lion here, wolves, leopards, and panthers still prowl about these wild wadys. They not infrequently attack the flock in the very presence of the shepherd. I have listened with interest to their descriptions of desperate fights with those savage beasts. And when the thief and the robber come, and come they do, the faithful shepherd has often to defend his flock at the hazard of his life –William M. Thomson, The Land and the Book (1885): 3:594.

The photo and quotation are taken from one of two collections of photos related to Psalm 23 on the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-00962).

Ruth 3:15 (NIV) [Boaz] also said, Bring me the shawl you are wearing and hold it out. When [Ruth] did so, he poured into it six measures of barley and put it on her.

This photo is one of thirty in the Ruth set on the Traditional Life and Customs volume ofThe American Colony and Eric Matson Collection (Library of Congress, LC-matpc-10172).

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Review-a-Day

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Alice Fultons The Shadow Table is collected in The Best American Short Stories 2009, but it gestated for years before finally seeing the light of day, the author says in the contributors notes. Set in the 1920s as part of Ms. Fultons story-per-decade series spanning the 20th century, the tale concerns an ill-fated romance between a young woman who starves herself and her beau,Ox Gauntlet. who stuffs himself with food and bootleg Prohibition booze.

The problem that delayed the storys coalescing into its final form, Ms. Fulton says, was that early versions were filled with jaunty dialogue and period details that somehow rang false. Then she introduced a new theme about the craze for exoticism during the period, particularly for all things Japanese Comments 1,396, and that prompted her to take a new, more restrained approach. Tone, according to Ms. Fulton, is the soul of prose, and indeed one of the storys chief attractions is its unadorned narrative. In Foxs Sweet Shoppe, it begins, I once saw a woman take off her shoe, gold for rs unscrew the heel, and drink from it like a shot glass. Ms. Fultons restrained voice is just one in the anthologys chorus of 20 stories that are by turns playful, ironic, somber and meditative.

EditorAlice Sebold — in collaboration with series editorHeidi Pitlor, who did the preliminary winnowing — doesnt offer reasons for her choices, but she has put together a collection that is more uniformly satisfying than some Best outings have been in recent years. There appears to be less emphasis on experimental prose, which is always a hit-or-miss proposition, and the authors generally are writers with proven track records (Richard Powers,Annie Proulx,Joseph Epstein). Fewer unknowns are suddenly elevated to the years top rank, though Steve De Jarnatt and Namwali Serpell made the cut with their first published stories. This anthology feels rooted in the real world, with characters you might live near or see at the store.

Mr. Epsteins Beyond the Pale tells the story, with the authors usual cheerful mordancy Entries RSS,Last Chaos Pet. of a journalist who finds himself manipulated into translating into English the novel of a Yiddish writer. Or, rather, retranslating the book — the authors wife has already made one crude attempt at it buy cheap rs gold , and she inveigles the young man to eliminate the rough spots of her work. The story is set in New York, not on Mr. Epsteins customary Chicago turf, but he easily manages the change of venue in a few brushstrokes, like a passing reference to a dairy restaurant on Broadway near Eighty-sixth Street.

In Ms. Proulxs Them Old Cowboy Songs, by contrast, the author hews to the Western themes that have occupied her in recent years. She steps back in time, to the 1880s, to relate the tale of Archie and Rose McLaverty, homesteaders whose perseverance fails to tame the wildness of the land. Theres a certain old-fashioned cast to a plot twist that closes out the story — a contrivance that works well in Ms. Proulxs veteran hands.

The newcomer Mr. De Jarnatt is less assured with the use of artifice for Rubiaux Rising, about a young man in New Orleans named Rubiaux, who finds himself stuck in an attic, the door nailed shut by his aunt in an effort at home-style detox, as the waters of Hurricane Katrina begin climbing. Rubiaux is a former Marine, now a drug addict, cheapest wow gold with multiple wounds from fighting in Iraq — hes missing an arm at the elbow. A leg midcalf and has a plate across the back of his skull. The tick-tock of the mounting danger as the floodwaters surge has an artificial feel — and reminds us that time does move on: This Katrina story feels as if it might been more appropriately a candidate for the best American stories of lineage 2 st, say, 2006.

Advanced Monitor OstraconFirst-timer Ms. Serpell is more successful with Muzungu,alexandria w. a portrait of the young daughter of an expat couple in the authors native Zambia. The girl, who has a doll named Doll, is often left on her own — her father, the Colonel, drinks himself into daily oblivion. The story centers on a day when, once again on her own, the girl ventures into the servants quarters, an unsettling experience: She discovers that in this realm she is no longer automatically accorded the respect of her parents employees — in fact, she herself was supposed to be deferential. The story ably depicts a childs dawning sense of race and racism.

Perhaps the best of the Best is Alex Roses Ostracon, a story that reflects what Edward OBrien,Lichborne: Soloing old content for fun and profit. the originator of this anthology series in 1926, called the artists power of compelling imaginative persuasion. Inspired by his grandmothers life, Mr. Rose tells the story of an old woman runescape buy money , Katya, who misplaces her glasses — a seemingly prosaic domestic drama, until we realize that Katya has Alzheimers. The story is graced with lovely, understated moments — The muted scent of frost and peat leaks into the living room from the thawing backyard.

But the power of the piece is in how closely Mr. Rose brings us to a moment of truth — a house where grandchildren are coming for a Seder but where the cutlery lies unwashed in a kitchen drawer, where the checkbook is in disarray — that captures the pathos of old age.

The National Book Critics Circle, founded in 1974, honors outstanding writing and fosters a national conversation about reading, criticism, and literature. To learn about how to join, clickhere.

Powells City of Books is an independent bookstore in Portland, Oregon gaia forced, that fills a whole city block with more than a million new, used, and out of print books. Shop those shelves — plus literally millions more books, DVDs, and eBooks — here at Powells.com.

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IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium

Management Solutions for the New Communications World, 8th IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, NOMS 2002, Florence, Italy, April 15-19, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE 2002, ISBN 0-7803-7383-9

Hong-Taek Ju,Mi-Jung Choi,Sehee Han,Yunjung Oh,Jeong-Hyuk Yoon,Hyojin Lee,James W. Hong:

An embedded Web server architecture for XML-based network management.5-18

Markus Debusmann,Markus Schmid,Reinhold Kröger:

Generic performance instrumentation of EJB applications for service-level management.19-32

Akhil Sahai,Vijay Machiraju,Jinsong Ouyang,Klaus Wurster:

Message tracking in SOAP-based Web services.33-47

Anand Tripathi,Tanvir Ahmed,Sumedh Pathak,Megan Carney,Paul Dokas:

Paradigms for mobile agent based active monitoring of network systems.65-78

Paulo Simões,João Rodrigues,Luís Moura Silva,Fernando Boavida:

Distributed retrieval of management information: is it about mobility, locality or distribution?79-94

Georg Lehr,Ulrike Hartmer,Ralf Geerdsen:

Design of a network level management information model for automatically switched transport networks.111-124

Danny Goderis,Sven Van den Bosch,Yves TJoens,Panos Georgatsos,David Griffin,George Pavlou,Panos Trimintzios,George Memenios,Eleni Mykoniati,Christian Jacquenet:

A service-centric IP quality of service architecture for next generation networks.139-154

Brecht Vermeulen,Stefaan Vanhastel,Frederik Scholaert,Bart Dhoedt,Piet Demeester,Carmen Mas,Jerom Wellen:

A generic end-to-end distributed QoS management architecture and its application to IP-DiffServ over a WDM access feeder network.155-168

Zhi-Li Zhang,Wristlet. Zhenhai Duan,Yiwei Thomas Hou:

On scalable network resource management using bandwidth brokers.169-183

Paloma Martínez,Marcus Brunner,Jürgen Quittek, buy wow gold Frank Strauß,Jürgen Schönwälder,dofus Boosta. Sven Mertens,Torsten Klie:

Using the script MIB for policy-based configuration management.187-202

Nicodemos Damianou,Naranker Dulay,Emil Lupu,Morris Sloman,Toshio Tonouchi:

Tools for domain-based policy management of distributed systems.203-217

Yixin Diao,Neha Gandhi,Joseph L. Hellerstein,Sujay S. Parekh,Dawn M. Tilbury:

Using MIMO feedback control to enforce policies for interrelated metrics with application to the Apache Web server.219-234

Kazuhiko Isoyama,Hiroyuki Saito,Y. Nagao,Makiko Yoshida:

A proposal of QoS control architecture and resource assignment scheme.237-250

Taesang Choi,Seunghyun Yoon,Hyungsuk Chung,Changhoon Kim,Jungsook Park,Bungjun Lee,Cetus Divine. Taesoo Jeong:

Wise: traffic engineering server for a large-scale MPLS-based IP network.251-264

Anna Evlogimenou,Raouf Boutaba:

Programmable accounting management for virtual private networks.297-312

Xinzhou Qin,Wenke Lee,Lundy M. Lewis,João B. D. Cabrera:

Integrating intrusion detection and network management.329-344

Ronald A. Skoog,Nicholas Jasinski,Mark A. Shayman,Rana Ghahremanpour,Mehdi Kalantari:

Network management and control mechanisms to prevent maliciously induced network instability.345-358

Christopher Leckie,Kotagiri Ramamohanarao:

A probabilistic approach to detecting network scans.359-372

Malgorzata Steinder,Adarshpal S. Sethi:

End-to-end service failure diagnosis using belief networks.375-390

Hermann Wietgrefe:

Investigation and practical assessment of alarm correlation methods for the use in GSM access networks.391-403

Qingguo Zheng,Ke Xu,Weifeng Lv,Shilong Ma:

Intelligent search of correlated alarms from database containing noise data.405-419

Kostas G. Anagnostakis,Sotiris Ioannidis,Stefan Miltchev,Michael Greenwald,Jonathan M. Smith,John Ioannidis:

Efficient packet monitoring for network management.423-436

Nick G. Duffield,Alexandre Gerber,Matthias Grossglauser:

Trajectory engine: a backend for trajectory sampling.437-450

Huseyin Cenk Ozmutlu,Natarajan Gautam,Russell R. Barton:

Zone recovery methodology for probe-subset selection in end-to-end network monitoring.451-464

Hassen Sallay,Radu State,Olivier Festor:

A distributed management platform for integrated multicast monitoring.483-495

Alexander Keller,Gautam Kar,Heiko Ludwig,Asit Dan,Joseph L. Hellerstein:

Managing dynamic services: a contract based approach to a conceptual architecture.513-528

Nikos Houssos runescape store ,Evangelos N. Gazis,Spyridon Panagiotakis,Stefan Gessler,Anett Schuelke,Sandra Quesnel:

Value added service management in 3G networks.529-544

Daniel Won-Kyu Hong,Jae-Hyoung Yoo,Woo-Sung Kim,Choong Seon Hong:

An integrated service and network management system for point-to-multipoint reservation service in an ATM network.545-558

Ibrahim Khalil,Torsten Braun:

Automated service provisioning in heterogeneous large-scale environment.575-588

Mon-Yen Luo,gaia tower o. Chu-Sing Yang:

Management system support for configurable and efficient layer-7 routing.605-618

Myung-Sup Kim,Mi-Jeong Choi,James W. Hong:

Highly available and efficient load cluster management system using SNMP and Web.619-632

Tôru Egashira,Kousuke Nogami,Yoshiaki Kiriha:

Node inquiry function for strategic front-end placement.633-645

Fotis Karayannis,Lampros Raptis,Yiorgos Patikis,Joan Serrat,Kostas Vaxevanakis:

Management vs. control plane approaches for the integration of IP and WDM layers – a synergy paradigm.649-664

Ulrike Hartmer,Ralf Geerdsen,Georg Lehr,Antonio Manzalini,Giuseppe Ricucci:

Generic architecture for a management system of automatic switched transport networks.665-680

Markus Garschhammer,Rainer Hauck,Heinz-Gerd Hegering,Bernhard Kempter,Igor Radisic,Harald Rölle,Holger Schmidt:

A case-driven methodology for applying the MNM service model.697-710

Rajeev Gopal:

Unifying network configuration and service assurance with a service modeling language.711-725

Liana L. Fong,Michael H. Kalantar,Donald P. Pazel,Germán S. Goldszmidt Advanced Bea,Sameh A. Fakhouri,Srirama M. Krishnakumar:

Dynamic resource management in an eUtility.727-740

Decio Ongaro:

Shifts in network management paradigms arising from the new competition environment.743-751

Julie Schott,Andrea Westerinen,Jean-Philippe Martin-Flatin,Peter Rivera:

Common information vs. information overload [network management].767-781

Sahira Miranda,José Marcos S. Nogueira,Christiano Mata Machado:

Event analysis for telecommunication management: building a special system and its use.785-798

Kyungjoon Lim,Hakgyun Roh,Dong-Sik Yun:

iCOMS : an ADSL service provisioning system based on workflow management.799-811

Daniel Won-Kyu Hong,Joong-Goo Song,J. H. Yoo,Woo-Sung Kim,Choong Seon Hong:

Distributed networking system for Internet access service.813-825

Kenichi Tayama,Tsutomu Maruyama,Hiroshi Uno,Takashi Inoue:

An operation support system architecture for network provisioning of optical access networks.829-842

Sergio Sabato, buying runescape gold Carlo Filangieri:

ASSO: a Web-portal application for operational process assessment and organizational improvement.843-853

Mario Pellegatta,Mauro Monguzzi,Annalisa Mazzarese,Angelo Zucchetti:

Fiber networks maintenance in the all-optical network era.855-868

Luciano Paschoal Gaspary,Edgar Meneghetti,Fabricio Wendt,Lucio Braga,Luis Felipe Balbinot,Roberto Storch,Liane Margarida Rockenbach Tarouco:

Trace: an open platform for high-layer protocols, services and networked applications management.871-873

Atsushi Iwasaki,Nobuhiro Kimura,Hikaru Seshake,Takehisa Ichijo,Masakazu Aso,Yuji Hibino:

Distributed adapter technology for enterprise network operations support.875-877

André Ribeiro Cardoso,Joaquim Celestino Jr.,Ricardo A. R. Celestino:

Management of heterogeneous ATM networks based on integration of mobile agents with legacy systems.879-882

Víctor A. Villagrá,Jorge E. López de Vergara,Julio Berrocal,Roney Pignaton:

An approach to the transparent management instrumentation of distributed applications.887-889

Chien-Chung Shen,Chavalit Srisathapornphat,Chaiporn Jaikaeo:

Adaptive autonomous management of ad hoc networks.891-893

Alessandro Rigallo,Anna Lisa Stringa,Fabrizio Verroca:

Real-time monitoring and operational assistant system for mobile networks.899-901

Juergen Kettschau,Stefan Bruck,Peter Schefczik:

LUCAS – an expert system for intelligent fault management and alarm correlation.903-905

Ioannis Liabotis,Dan Garton,Rabicano Hor. Ognjen Prnjat,Lionel Sacks:

Resource monitoring on an application layer active network server.911-913

Matthias Bossardt,Lukas Ruf,Bernhard Plattner,Rolf Stadler:

Service deployment on high performance active network nodes.915-917

Ikuo Yamasaki,Ryutaro Kawamura:

Maximizing network profit by service-list control in multi-service-networks.919-921

Hermann de Meer,Kurt Tutschku:

A performance management architecture for peer-to-peer services based on application-level active networks.927-929

Qinzheng Kong,Ian Rose,Don Cameron:

Towards technology independent and automated service activation and provisioning.931-933

Vladimir Tosic,Bernard Pagurek,Babak Esfandiari,Kruti Patel:

Management of compositions of e- and m-business Web services with multiple classes of service.935-937

Takeo Hamada,Peter Czezowski,Takafumi Chujo:

A policy-enabled GMPLS-based control plane for bandwidth brokering.939-941

Nikolaos Vardalachos,Alex Galis,Eduardo Grampín,Joan Serrat:

IP over WDM networks: a policy-based management approach.943-945

Michael Rudack,Klaus Jobmann,Ana Pajares,Manuel Esteve:

Policy-based quality of service mapping in distributed systems.947-949

Klaus-Dieter Tuchs,Markus Cech,Klaus Jobmann:

Automatic detection of abnormal deviations from network performance data values.959-961

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